User:Georgeweale/sandbox/graphene helix

A graphene helix, similar to the carbon nanotube, is a structure consisting of a two-dimensional sheet of graphene wrapped into a helix. These graphene sheets can have multiple layers, called multi-walled carbon structures, and that add to these helixes thus increasing their tensile strength but increasing the difficulty of manufacturing. Using van der Waals interactions it can make structures within one another. By using these graphene sheets in this way it becomes possible to create the perfect material, with microscopic size, immense tensile strength, and thermal and electrical conductivity. With these physical properties, its applications into nanotechnologies are seemingly limitless, where it can be used to help sequence DNA to be used in small scale semiconductors.

Electrical and Magnetic Properties
Main Article: Graphene

Electrical:
Graphene has very promising electrical properties. Carbon nanotubes are semimetals meaning they are either metallic or semiconducting along the helical axis, this can depend on the curvature of the graphene helix. On top of having both of these properties graphene has a unique and useful is that it is a "zero-overlap semimetal". Carbon helixes allow high electrical transfer over a three-dimensional plane. With the tensile strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal management it is the perfect material for biotechnologies.

Magnetic:
Similar to the electrical properties electrical fields can be used on a graphene sheet to polarize the bonds and exclusively bond on one side of the graphene sheet.

Thermal:
Graphene is a great thermal conductor, but this is paired with being a great insulator perpendicular to the helical axis. These graphene sheets have a thermal conductivity of 3500 W·m−1·K−1, where copper has one of only 385 W·m−1·K−1.

Physical Properties
With the different electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties shows that graphene by itself has many unique characteristics that can be harvested when used as a three dimensional structure. These graphene sheets have a tensile strength of 130,000,000,000 pascals which when compared to 400,000,000 pascals that of industrial steel. This shows the possibilities of what this substance can be used for. Graphene is light when compared to materials like industrial steel because it weighs 0.77 milligrams per square meter. Each of these sheets of graphene are made by single atom wide carbon chains cross linking. These webs of carbon chains look like pages of two dimensional hexagons with the only third dimension being only a single atom wide.

Early Synthesis of Graphene
One of the first ways that graphene was discovered was taking a piece of masking tape and placing it on a piece of carbon and pulling it off to reveal many small two dimensional graphene sheets. By fabricating graphene with tape does it does create the necessary conditions for these graphene sheets to have the tensile strength previously stated.

Mass Production of Graphene
The practicality of using tape to separate these sheets from each other does not scale to the production that would be necessary with the new developments of graphene. This becomes a new issue as the quality of the sheets completely determines what can be done with them. At a larger scale graphene can come from chemically exfoliated, natural, mined graphite.

Arc Discharge and Laser Ablation
These two slightly different processes both have graphene being combusted with electrical currents or by a laser and the graphene helixes will develop when the gaseous phases are separated, but there will need to be excess metals as catalysts.

Chemical Vapor Deposition
Viewed as a process that has the most promise for the future the graphene helixes can be formed as catalysts are pushed onto the graphene sheets and will create the emerging helix. While needed to be performed at high temperatures the process can easily be activated and deactivated purely by the development of the helical structure.

Sequencing
One of the most interesting applications of a graphene helix would be new ways of unwinding RNA and DNA and using graphene helix's to image these folded apart strands for further sequencing. Having these RNA and XNA bonds pulled apart inside of these graphene helix structures causes the hydrogen bonds to stay intact for more nanoseconds than previously so the sequencing would be more intact. The graphene helix was allowing the XNA to keep its three dimensional structure and allows for the hydrogen bonds to last longer. Overall the thermal and electrical conductivity of these carbon structures has too many different uses because of their strength and weight.

Electrocapillary
Helical graphene tubes have the electrical and physical properties and in addition to the elasticity can fit into into smaller capillary systems. These graphene helixes potentially can be used in nano-fluid systems with uses of both actuators and fiber shaped sensors.

Future Outlook
These carbon helixes display very advantageous physical properties that make the creation of nanostructures more of a possibility. With possibilities in the 3D printing field of nanotechnologies, they could be providing the scaffolding for future supercapacitors, implants, and energy storage. As the world is decreasing everything in size, computers are the fastest to take advantage of new materials, by miniaturizing more electronics even down the basic wire carrying electricity. There already have been logic gates made by these carbon structures showing the future potential in such material.