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Wastewater Management
Definition of Combined Sewage Overflow

The City of Chicago is dependent on Combined Sewage Systems for wastewater management.

Major CSO players for the Chicago area: Metropolitan Water Reclamation District

Effects of Combined Sewage Overflow on the Environment

Because of the combined sewage overflow system, large rainstorms cause sewage to overflow into Lake Michigan and introduces higher rates of waste-associated bacteria like E. coli, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci. In addition to bacteria, the concentrations of pathogenic viruses, like adenoviruses and noroviruses, increase due to combined sewage overflow into environmental freshwater systems in Chicago.

Local flooding events: look at local news and activist groups

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716318940

^ During heavy rainfall events, combined sewage overflows to the Chicago Area Waterway System and sometimes reverses the river flow into Lake Michigan, introducing pollutants like high concentrations of carbon.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es8019758

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815215301031

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0380133096709401

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026427511630573X

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/JSEDAI.0000315

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0380133007700795

https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=GOeLDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=chicago+combined+sewage&ots=FllInFuRjU&sig=9FsC7x5k8wLLasJYxTjjsFo5eh4#v=onepage&q=chicago%20combined%20sewage&f=false

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716318940?casa_token=zI77NbSo8c8AAAAA:IQQv02dZMzs_tS9lW-nQHbsoRH2pZmMTAYY0UdusQVpJiSbTlhO8q_wTYuCrDp0K4gIBPJ4