User:Ghofherr/sandbox

The Pill viewed as making woman "woman"
The pill treats women as though they are all the same. Almost like all women are standard. When you put something into your body you want to know exactly what it's going to do and what the side effects are. When you take the pill you know you are protected against pregnancy but you don't know exactly what side effects YOU are going to have. It all depends on the individual woman. The pill is not specialized for one woman, it's generalized for the population of women. Is it worth it to take something that is not specific towards your needs and life?

Advertising PMS
Through out the nineteenth-century womans' PMS was referred to as a "disease". Buchan argued that if women had poor health at the beging of their cycle they would have poor health in the future. He went so far as to say wome couldn't have children in the future if they were unhealthy at the start of their cycle. Also when pills were advertised to help women they were reffered to as "corrective pills". The thing that bothered me the most about this is that PMS is a natural occurance in the female body. It should not be "corrected". Also in a lot of the marketing done it was unclear to what the effects of the pill or medicine the women were taking were. One of the pills cured pregnacy and never advertised it. These advertisements played to womens vulnerability.

Advertising PMS and Menstruation
PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) is a syndrome that occurs in many women from 2 to 14 days before the onset of menstruation. Robert T. Frank is said to be the first person to name and describe PMS. Through out History PMS has been scene as a “genuine illness” in women. The cause of PMS was said to be a “malfunction in the production of hormones during the menstrual cycle”. At this time in the early 1980’s, where the causes of PMS were starting to be discovered, PMS was starting to be scene as treatable. It was no longer “woman’s faults” and they no longer had to “grin and bear it” or “keep it together”. Most advertisements were directed specifically towards woman and comprised of lengthy medical justifications.

19th Century In the 19th century menstruation was regarded at a pathological process. Woman’s reproductive organs were thought to have complete control over them. Women were warned not to divert needed energy away from the uterus and ovaries. This view of limited energy ran very quickly up against a reality in 19th century America that young girls worked extremely long and hard hours in factories. This contradiction was resolved in many ways by “detailing the weakness, degeneration and disease suffered by female clerks and operatives who strive to emulate the males by unremitting labor”. This disregarded the very poor health conditions of the workers. Advertisements were starting to get rid of the Victorian era thought of the female uterine economy and the woman being in the private sphere. Newspapers in the 19th century were peppered with remedies to help in the “tyrannous processes” of the menstrual cycle.

Sally Shuttle worth conducted a study on two new papers, The Leeds Intelligencer and The Leeds Mercury, from which examples of popular advertising are drawn. The sample is between 1830 and 1855. Both papers cover local and national news; advertise the material and the sexual body that undermines the generalized notions of the Victorian era and its prudishness. Graphic sexual details and venereal-disease remedies were included in the papers. As the publicity heated up on the topic it became clear that the real ground for dispute was not indecency but the professional territory, prestige and material gains. Soon the use of doctor’s names in advertisements is extinct.

An early 1837 advertisement for “Lady Huntingdon’s female pills” proclaims that they have rescued many young women from an “early grave”. Advertisements for PMS curing pills were very common in the 19th century. Another advertisement the “Croskell’s female corrective pills” were meant to cure women of menstruation. There was a constant refrain throughout the advertisements of this period is that of female vulnerability and the side effects of menstrual obstruction.

When advertisements made PMS and menstruation seem like such a horrible things and obstructions female reproductive systems and bodies were seen as dysfunctional. These advertisements made it difficult for women to keep working the long and rigorous hours they had to in factories. The relationship between woman’s capacity to work and menstruation was a central issue during the 19th century. A focus shift also occurred in the 19th century from menstruation to PMS still addressing the issue if women could work out side of the home

In 1873 Edward Clarke published an influential book titled Sex in Education. Clarke came to a conclusion that female operatives suffer less than schoolgirls because they “work their brain less”. Suggesting that they have stronger bodies and a stronger reproductive “apparatus more normally constructed”. Men like Clarke were trying to argue that women should stay home because of their bodily functions. Feminists were trying to show how woman could function in the world outside the home in spite of their bodily functions.

Mary Putnam Jacobi wrote The Question of Rest for Women During Menstruation in 1877. Her piece showed that “women do work better, and with much greater safety to health when their work is frequently intermitted; but those intermittent breaks should be at short intervals and lasting a short time, not at long intervals and lasting longer. Finally that they are required at all times, and have no special reference to the period of the menstrual flow”. Also given the type of work men would probably also work better of they had frequent shorter breaks.

Mid term topic 1
The standard model of sex and gender is classified as a binary. This conventional model means there is a distinct, clear-cut line separating males and females. If you are born with a male reproductive system you are considered a man, expected to carry out the roles of a man and behave how a man should. Respectively, if you were born with a female reproductive system you are considered a female, expected to carry out the roles of a female and behave how a female should. If you were born male, your gender is male and if you were born female you gender is female. This binary attributes to gender identities, attributes and roles. Our bodies live in regulatory schemas. Regulatory schemas are formed by the conceptions individuals make based on culture and society. These schemas put a model of how bodies are supposes to look and act into individuals’ minds. If they don’t fit the standard model, medicine can change the way they look. The conventional distinction between sex and gender is that sex is biological whereas gender is what an individual identifies with socially. This critique is based off how social and cultural factors play a role in gender. If and individual was born as a man they could still classify themselves as having the female gender. This creates a new binary in which sex is only male or female. Intersex wouldn’t classify into either of the two. Anne Fausto-Sterling criticizes the standard model. As children grow and become either more masculine or feminine “sexual nurture matters a great deal more that nature”(Sexing The Body 46) because it effects the childs inclinations towards becoming hetero- or homo- sexual. This goes against the standard model because even if a child is born male it doesn’t always mean his gender will be male. Nurture plays an important role in what sex a child is going to be. Sterling supports her statement with the example of babies that were born intersex. The doctors pick the sex of the baby within 24 hours so that the baby can fit into the regulatory schema. The doctors then hoped that the gender identity would follow. In the 1950’s John Hopkins and John Money started to study intersexuals. Money realized this study would “provide invaluable material for the comparative study of bodily form and physiology, rearing, and psychosexual orientation”(46). Money and his colleuges carried out their own studies and came to a new conclusion. It was that the hormones, chromosomes and gonads babies are born with do not undoubtedly determine the gender role. Proving that doctors are giving new born babies that are intersex a certain sex to fit into the standard model. Sterling suggests a spectrum of sex and gender.

Alphonse Rebière
So there isn't a page on this scientist yet so I did some research and thought maybe I could start a stub article

Alphonse Rebière was a 19th century advocate for women's scientific abilities. He wrote the book Les Femmes dans la science. Rebière's piece followed the encyclopedia format, listing the woman alphabetically, giving their names, dates of birth, the social conditions under which they had lived, their contributions and publications. He included "professional and amateur" scientists and those who aided in contributions in "the progress of science." Included in Rebière's book was a section of appended works filled with opinions of famous people on the question "whether or not woman is capable of scientific pursuits."

Les Femmes dans la science
Translated: The Achievements of the German Woman

Rebière's work Les Femmes dans la science was inspired by the women's movement and renewed interest in women's scientific abilities.

Intersex in the Sex Anatomy Spectrum
The Intersex Society of North America claims that intersex is a socially constructed label that reflects actual biological variation. These variations range from chromosomal deviations from the standard male or female body, to deviations in reproductive organs that may or may not be visually expressed, to hormonal variations. The ISNA lists ambiguous genitalia as a commonly cited case of intersex, but there exist variations of lesser degree. The INSA claims that intersex anatomy is not always present at birth, and sometimes does not manifest until the age of puberty. Considering the wide range of variations that are considered intersex, as well as the perceived socially-constructed nature of gender and biological sex, the ISNA places intersex within a sex anatomy spectrum. The ISNA's argument is that intersex individuals can be thought of as being on a spectrum or continuum, in which there are no clear demarcations of where male ends and female begins.

My Edits
Queen of sweden

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden#.7B.7Banchor.7CDescartes.7D.7DVisit_from_Descartes.2C_scholars_and_musicians

Christina's rigorous philosophical schedule is why many blame her for Descartes death.

Alphonse Rebière

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Rebière

Alphonse Rebière was a 19th century advocate for women's scientific abilities. He wrote the book Les Femmes dans la science. Rebière's piece followed the encyclopedia format, listing the woman alphabetically, giving their names, dates of birth, the social conditions under which they had lived, their contributions and publications. He included "professional and amateur" scientists and those who aided in contributions in "the progress of science." Included in Rebière's book was a section of appended works filled with opinions of famous people on the question "whether or not woman is capable of scientific pursuits."

Les Femmes dans la science

Translated: The Achievements of the German Woman Rebière's work Les Femmes dans la science was inspired by the women's movement and renewed interest in women's scientific abilities.

Rebiere, Alphonse (1897). Les Femmes dans la science. Schiebinger, Londa (1999). Has feminism changed science?. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 23.

standard model anne fausto sterling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Fausto-Sterling#The_Standard_Model

As children grow and become either more masculine or feminine “sexual nurture matters a great deal more that nature” because it effects the childs inclinations towards becoming hetero- or homo- sexual.

Fausto Sterling, Anne (2000). Sexing the Body, Of Gender and Genitals. New York,NY.

The Pill

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill#Other_effects

The pill treats women as though they are all the same. Almost like all women are standard. When you put something into your body you want to know exactly what it's going to do and what the side effects are. When you take the pill you know you are protected against pregnacy but you dont know exactly what side effects YOU are going to have. It all depends on the individual woman. The pill is not specialized for one woman, it's generalized for the population of women.

History of pms

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome#History

PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) is a syndrome that occurs in many women from 2 to 14 days before the onset of menstruation. Robert T. Frank is said to be the first person to name and describe PMS. Through out History PMS has been scene as a “genuine illness” in women. The cause of PMS was said to be a “malfunction in the production of hormones during the menstrual cycle”. At this time in the early 1980’s, where the causes of PMS were starting to be discovered, PMS was starting to be scene as treatable. It was no longer “woman’s faults” and they no longer had to “grin and bear it” or “keep it together”. Most advertisements were directed specifically towards woman and comprised of lengthy medical justifications.

19th Century In the 19th century menstruation was regarded at a pathological process. Woman’s reproductive organs were thought to have complete control over them. Women were warned not to divert needed energy away from the uterus and ovaries. This view of limited energy ran very quickly up against a reality in 19th century America that young girls worked extremely long and hard hours in factories. This contradiction was resolved in many ways by “detailing the weakness, degeneration and disease suffered by female clerks and operatives who strive to emulate the males by unremitting labor”. This disregarded the very poor health conditions of the workers. Advertisements were starting to get rid of the Victorian era thought of the female uterine economy and the woman being in the private sphere. Newspapers in the 19th century were peppered with remedies to help in the “tyrannous processes” of the menstrual cycle.

Sally Shuttle worth conducted a study on two new papers, The Leeds Intelligencer and The Leeds Mercury, from which examples of popular advertising are drawn. The sample is between 1830 and 1855. Both papers cover local and national news; advertise the material and the sexual body that undermines the generalized notions of the Victorian era and its prudishness. Graphic sexual details and venereal-disease remedies were included in the papers. As the publicity heated up on the topic it became clear that the real ground for dispute was not indecency but the professional territory, prestige and material gains. Soon the use of doctor’s names in advertisements is extinct.

An early 1837 advertisement for “Lady Huntingdon’s female pills” proclaims that they have rescued many young women from an “early grave”. Advertisements for PMS curing pills were very common in the 19th century. Another advertisement the “Croskell’s female corrective pills” were meant to cure women of menstruation. There was a constant refrain throughout the advertisements of this period is that of female vulnerability and the side effects of menstrual obstruction.

When advertisements made PMS and menstruation seem like such a horrible things and obstructions female reproductive systems and bodies were seen as dysfunctional. These advertisements made it difficult for women to keep working the long and rigorous hours they had to in factories. The relationship between woman’s capacity to work and menstruation was a central issue during the 19th century. A focus shift also occurred in the 19th century from menstruation to PMS still addressing the issue if women could work out side of the home

In 1873 Edward Clarke published an influential book titled Sex in Education. Clarke came to a conclusion that female operatives suffer less than schoolgirls because they “work their brain less”. Suggesting that they have stronger bodies and a stronger reproductive “apparatus more normally constructed”. Men like Clarke were trying to argue that women should stay home because of their bodily functions. Feminists were trying to show how woman could function in the world outside the home in spite of their bodily functions.

Mary Putnam Jacobi wrote The Question of Rest for Women During Menstruation in 1877. Her piece showed that “women do work better, and with much greater safety to health when their work is frequently intermitted; but those intermittent breaks should be at short intervals and lasting a short time, not at long intervals and lasting longer. Finally that they are required at all times, and have no special reference to the period of the menstrual flow”. Also given the type of work men would probably also work better of they had frequent shorter breaks.

Activity
I started a stub article on Alphonse Rebiere. It is still up. I think a huge factor for it staying up is I used sources. Also I didn't have a biased opinion on him and his contributions to science.

I tried to add a few sentence to a page on the pill. They got taken down 3 days later. When I looked at them another time I realized they were very opinionated and the fact that I am a girl taking the pill and did get some of the side effects doesn't really help.

I contributed a few paragraphs to Anne fausto sterlings page and her views on nature vs nurture. Those are still on her page.

At first I tried to start a Advertising PMS and Menstruation page but it was taken down right away. Then I went to the history article on PMS and added my work to that area and its still up. I used multiplied articles and examples of advertising to keep this article valid. I also edited the History section so it was more organized and helpful. I also tied in some pieces on how advertising and all the information given out about PMS and me station effected women in the work place and how their abilities were looked down on.

The biggest thing I've learned from doing this assignment is that sourcing and having a neutral opinion is key

Peer edits
Username: Stellaiyeo

The Bangladesh Fertility Research Program (BFRP) also used Norplant in an attempt for population control. Indonesia, the country with one of the largest populations in the world, was one of the first countries to use Norplant. The Indonesian government dispensed Norplant at a high rate to decrease population growth. However, this led to a decrease in citizen's rights. For example, in Bogor, only employees who use Norplant as a method of contraceptive received their paychecks on time while other jobs required proof of Norplant use. After FDA approval, The Inquirer on December 12, 1990 published an editorial entitled "Poverty and Norplant: Can Contraception Reduce the Underclass?" This article by Donald Kimelman related Norplant to the fact that half of all black children in America live in poverty. It also endorsed giving women incentives to use the contraceptive. These incentives included public aid and financial gain. "Kansas Republican state representative Kerry Patrick introduced legislation that would grant welfare recipients a one-time payment of $500 to use Norplant, followed by a $50 bonus each year the implants remained in place."

EDIT: This is a great addition to the Norplant page! Instead of being so opionated and saying “this led to a decrese in citizens rights” say something less opinionated like “it was said to lead in a decrese in citizens rights”. Also maybe you could add more to the point about the article. I found it very interesting and would like to know more and where the statistics are coming from.

Username: Aschultheiss

The standard model of the difference between sex and gender is dichotomous, in which sex is biological and gender refers to the social roles. Within this model, sex is either male or female; gender is either masculine or feminine. The standard model of sex as biologically male or female leaves room for nothing in-between, and has created regulatory schemas for what the culturally and socially acceptable human body is supposed to look like. The standard model is normative, and the dichotomy of sex is reinforced throughout science. Gender, also dichotomous in the standard model, is illustrated through the social construction of gender roles and definitions of gender identity. Within this norm, biological males are meant to identify with masculine traits such as aggressiveness. By contrast, biological females are conventionally thought of as having an engrained “nurturing” quality associated with their feminine identity.

EDIT: Very good points and metaphors. I would have organized it differently putting societal norms at the beginning. I would also add more to the nature vs nurture association. By adding information on that it would add another aspect and dimension.

Evidence and Support
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Rebière

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden#Visit_from_Descartes.2C_scholars_and_musicians

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Fausto-Sterling#The_Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill#Other_effects

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_PMS_and_Menstruation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome#History