User:Ghorsefield/sandbox

Article 1: Linguistics
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 * Rating:B-Class article
 * Notes:
 * While the topic is incredibly broad, there are elements either missing from the article that should be included or that need to be properly expanded.
 * There is a need for the lead to be fleshed out more. The talk page references a guideline that for a 30,000 word article approximately 3-4 paragraphs is appropriate for the lead section. Currently the lead for this article is at 2 paragraphs
 * The Phonology section consists of 3 un-cited statements that only partially describe this major fields of linguistics
 * Citation:
 * D. Robert Ladd. 2014. Simultaneous Structure in Phonology. Vol. First edition. Oxford Linguistics. New York: OUP Oxford. http://search.ebscohost.com.libproxy.albany.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xna&AN=781223&site=ehost-live.

Article 2: Morpheme

 * Rating: Start-Class
 * Notes:
 * The Article contains numerous instances of unsubstantiated statements and lacks inline citations.
 * The article seriously lacks the descriptive breadth that one would think comes from Wikipedia articles.
 * Citation:
 * Beard, Robert. 1995. Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morphology : A General Theory of Inflection and Word Formation. SUNY Series in Linguistics. Albany: SUNY Press. http://search.ebscohost.com.libproxy.albany.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xna&AN=6266&site=ehost-live.

Article 3: Phonological rule

 * Rating: Start-Class
 * Notes:
 * This article is missing data on Phonological rules, and has not received dedicated attention from editors since June 2020.
 * A significant feature of Phonological rules is the need for them to be ordered for the purposes of correctly generating spoken forms of words. This article lacks a description of this feature of Phonological rules
 * Citation:
 * Jensen, John T. 2004. Principles of Generative Phonology : An Introduction. Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science. Series IV, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. http://search.ebscohost.com.libproxy.albany.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xna&AN=400881&site=ehost-live.

Add a Citation Assignment:
zero morpheme is a soundless morpheme which, in a particular position of the word, is substitutable with audible morphemes from a closed contrast set."

A zero-morpheme, is a type of morpheme that carries semantic meaning but is not represented by auditory phoneme s often represented by /Ø/ within glosses.

Rule Ordering
According to Jensen, when the application of one particular rule generates a phonological or morphological form that triggers an altogether different rule, resulting in an incorrect surface form, rule ordering is required.

Types of Rule Ordering
Given two rules, A and B, and we assume that both are equally valid rules, then their ordering will fall into one of the following categories:


 * Feeding: the application of A creates the opportunity for B to apply.
 * Bleeding: the application of A prevents B from being able to apply.
 * Counterfeeding: the application of B creates the opportunity for A
 * Counterbleeding: the application of B prevents A from being able to apply.

Derivations
When a distinct order between two rules is required, a derivation must be shown. The derivation must consist of a correct application of rule ordering that proves the phonetic representation to be possible as well as a counterexample that proves, given the opposite ordering, an incorrect phonetic representation will be generated.

Derivation for "correct' Rule Ordering:

 * 1) /Underlying representation/
 * 2) * Representation resulting from the application of the first rule in the order
 * 3) * Representation resulting from the application of the second rule in the order
 * 4) [ Phonetic representation]

Derivation for the counterexample of Rule Ordering:

 * 1) /Underlying representation/
 * 2) * Representation resulting from the application of the second rule in the order
 * 3) * Representation resulting from the application of the first rule in the order
 * 4) *[Incorrect Phonetic representation]

Expanded Notation
On their own, phonological rules are intended to be comprehensive statements about sound changes in a language. However, languages are rarely uniform in the way they change these sounds. For a formal analysis, it is often required to implement notation conventions in addition to those previously introduced to account for the variety of changes that occur as simply as possible.

$$ indicates that $$x$$ or more vowels occur.
 * Subscripts: Indicate the number of occurrences of a phoneme type.
 * $$C_x$$ indicates that $$x$$ or more consonants occur.
 * $$V_x
 * Word Boundaries: indicate the left and right boundaries that, between them contain a complete string, represented with a hashtag symbol. For example, the word "cat".
 * #cat#, the beginning and end hashtags indicate the respective beginning and end of the word "cat".
 * { } (Curly Braces): Indicate a logical-disjunction relationship of two expressions. For example,
 * The two expressions, ABD and AED and be written with curly braces as:
 * $$A\begin{Bmatrix} B \\ E \end{Bmatrix}D$$, A is followed by either B or E and then D.

\langle+high\rangle \end{bmatrix} \rightarrow \begin{bmatrix} \alpha back \\ \langle \beta round \rangle \end{bmatrix} / \begin{bmatrix} +syll \\ \alpha back \\ \beta round \end{bmatrix} C_0
 * ( ) (Parenthesis): Indicate a logical-disjunction relationship of two expressions and an abbreviated version of the curly braces notation, while maintaining the same disjunctive relationship function. For example,
 * The two expressions, ABD and AD and be written with parentheses as:
 * $$A(B)D$$, B is optionally permitted to come between A and D.
 * < > (Angled Brackets): Indicate a conditional relationship within a set. For example, vowel harmony in Turkish,
 * $$\begin{bmatrix} +syll \\

$$__, All vowels will take on the [+/- back] value of the vowel that precedes it, regardless of the number of intervening consonants. If a vowel is [+ high], it will also take on the [+/- round] value of the preceding vowel, regardless of the number of intervening consonants.