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This is Giancarlo's sandbox. He had to edit it to get through training modules without feeling guilty.

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However, this set-up may threaten local government's ability to fund these programs, which are estimated to require $230 billion by 2030 in order to meet their goals. The national government is only planning to subsidize one-fifth of the costs of implementing Sponge City policies, and the flooding of over half of pilot cities since the program started has the potential to worry private investors.

Early assessments of sponge city efficacy have been skewed towards looking at the volume of runoff in urban areas, at the expense of determining its impacts on the bodies of water it ends up in. Including these endpoint bodies of water strengthens the case for implementing sponge city policies on a wider scale, as it augments their helpful effects.

Original Pilot Cities (2015)


 * Baicheng
 * Qian’an
 * Jinan
 * Hebi
 * Xixian New Area
 * Zhenjian
 * Jiaxing
 * Chizhou
 * Wuhan
 * Changde
 * Chongquing
 * Suining
 * Gui’an New Area
 * Nanning
 * Pingxiang
 * Xiamen

Second-Round Pilot Cities


 * Beijing
 * Tianjin
 * Dalian
 * Qingyang
 * Guyuan
 * Xining
 * Shanghai
 * Ningbo
 * Fuzhou
 * Shenzhen
 * Zhuhai
 * Yuxi
 * Sanya

However, sponge city policies have been more frequently implemented in new construction than in retrofitted developments from the past few decades of rapid urbanization. Xiamen's Yangfang residential area and Shanghai's Langang Park are two new developments indicative of this trend.

These principles come from long-standing wisdom and strategies practiced across China for thousands of years, when water had to be worked with and around instead of combatted with gray infrastructure.