User:Gilgamesh~enwiki/Tiberian transcription

Scientific
This is a transcription system I have devised for Tiberian Hebrew, based on existing conventional academic transcriptions, but slightly simplified and streamlined, as well as made Unicode-friendly. A Biblical Hebrew friendly font such as SBL Hebrew is recommended for reading this guide.

At a glance
ʼ Ḇ B BB ḆḆ Ġ G GG ĠĠ Ḏ D DD ḎḎ H W WW Z ZZ Ḥ Ṭ ṬṬ Y YY Ḵ K KK ḴḴ L LL M MM N NN S SS ʻ Ṗ P PP ṖṖ Ẓ ẒẒ Q QQ R Š ŠŠ Ś ŚŚ Ṯ T TT ṮṮ Ə I Ī Ē E Ẹ A Ạ Å Ā O Ọ Ō U Ū

ʼ ḇ b bb ḇḇ ġ g gg ġġ ḏ d dd ḏḏ h w ww z zz ḥ ṭ ṭṭ y yy ḵ k kk ḵḵ l ll m mm n nn s ss ʻ ṗ p pp ṗṗ ẓ ẓẓ q qq r š šš ś śś ṯ t tt ṯṯ ə i ī ē e ẹ a ạ å ā o ọ ō u ū

Consonants

 * א is normally transcribed /ʼ/ and pronounced.
 * However, in a word-final position or immediately before another consonant (without any nequddoth between them), א is silent and not indicated in transcription.
 * אּ (with mappiq) is in any position is always transcribed /ʼ/ and pronounced.
 * ב is transcribed /ḇ/ and pronounced.
 * בּ is transcribed /bb/ and pronounced.
 * However, at the beginning of a word or after any of  ְ ֱ ֲ ֳ, then בּ is transcribed /b/ and pronounced.
 * בּֿ is transcribed /ḇḇ/ and pronounced.
 * ג is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ġ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">גּ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/gg/ and pronounced.
 * However, at the beginning of a word or after any of <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ְ ֱ ֲ ֳ, then <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">גּ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/g/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">גּֿ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ġġ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ד is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ḏ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">דּ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/dd/ and pronounced.
 * However, at the beginning of a word or after any of <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ְ ֱ ֲ ֳ, then <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">דּ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/d/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">דּֿ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ḏḏ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ה is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/h/ and pronounced.
 * However, in a word-final position or immediately before another consonant (without any nequddoth between them), <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ה is silent and not indicated in transcription.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">הּ (with mappiq) is in any position is always transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/h/ and pronounced.
 * In word-final position, <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">הַּ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ah/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ו is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/w/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">וּ immediately after a vowel is always transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ww/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">וּ at the beginning of a word before a consonant, or after a consonant, is always transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ū/ and pronounced . It is treated as a vowel, not as a consonant.
 * However, in a word-final position after the vowel <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ֹ, or immediately before another consonant (without any nequddoth between them), <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ו is silent and not indicated in transcription. In particular, word-final <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ֹו is <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ō/.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ז is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/z/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">זּ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/zz/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ח is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ḥ/ and pronounced.
 * In word-final position, <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">חַ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/aḥ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ט is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ṭ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">טּ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ṭṭ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">י is normally transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/y/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">יּ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/yy/ and pronounced.
 * However, in a word-final position after the vowels <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ֹ ֵ ֶ, or immediately before another consonant (without any nequddoth between them), <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">י is silent and not indicated in transcription. In particular:
 * Word-final <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ִי is <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ī/.
 * Word-final <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ֵי is <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ē/.
 * Word-final <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ֶי is <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ẹ/.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">כ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ך are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ḵ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">כּ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ךּ are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/kk/ and pronounced.
 * However, at the beginning of a word or after any of <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ְ ֱ ֲ ֳ, then <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">כּ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ךּ are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/k/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">כּֿ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ךּֿ are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ḵḵ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ל is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/l/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">לּ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ll/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">מ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ם are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/m/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">מּ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">םּ are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/mm/ and pronounced.
 * In word-final position, <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">םִ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/yim/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">נ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ן are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/n/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">נּ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ןּ are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/nn/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ס is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/s/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">סּ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ss/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ע is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ʻ/ and pronounced.
 * In word-final position, <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">עַ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/aʻ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">פ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ף are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ṗ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">פּ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ףּ are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/pp/ and pronounced.
 * However, at the beginning of a word or after any of <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ְ ֱ ֲ ֳ, then <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">פּ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ףּ are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/p/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">פּֿ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ףּֿ are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ṗṗ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">צ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ץ are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ẓ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">צּ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ץּ are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ẓẓ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ק is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/q/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">קּ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/qq/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ר is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/r/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ש is handled different ways:
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">שׁ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/š/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">שּׁ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/šš/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">שׂ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ś/ and pronounced or simply.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">שּׂ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/śś/ and pronounced or simply.
 * However, immediately before another consonant (without any nequddoth between them), <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ש is silent and not indicated in transcription. This is primarily the case in just one word&mdash;the name <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">יִשָּׂשכָר (Issachar), transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">Yiśśāḵār.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">ת is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ṯ/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">תּ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/tt/ and pronounced.
 * However, at the beginning of a word or after any of <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ְ ֱ ֲ ֳ, then <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">תּ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/t/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">תּֿ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ṯṯ/ and pronounced.

Vowels

 * There are eight long vowels and six short vowels. A word's stress always falls on its final long vowel.  In practice, most words have a final vowel that is long.  By default, this is the case.  However, frequently, words that carry a cantillation accent over the penultimate vowel will have a long penultimate vowel and a short final vowel, giving the word penultimate stress.  Antepenultimate stress is exceedingly rare.
 * The shewa <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ְ and hateph marks <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ֱ ֲ ֳ are always either short vowels or form a silent barrier between consonants.
 * If one of these marks is the first vowel in a word, or occurs after a doubled consonant, a consonant cluster, or an intentionally long vowel (usually marked with cantillation emphasis) and just one consonant, then the mark is always vocalized as a short vowel.
 * After any consonant except for one of <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">א ה ח ע, the audible vowel for all four of these marks is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ə/ , and pronounced.
 * Because there is ultimately no ambiguity between circumstances where <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/e/ or <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ə/ are allowed to occur (in fact, even accidentally pronouncing as  is never ambiguous), it is conceivable to transcribe both as <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/e/ and pronounce it as  when not after <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">א ה ח ע, and whose syllable precedes another syllable with a long vowel.
 * After one of <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">א ה ח ע :
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ֱ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/e/, and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ֲ and <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ְ are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/a/, and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ֳ is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/o/, and pronounced.
 * In the silent position, any of these marks can regain their voice and be pronounced as a short vowel in the following cases:
 * If any of these marks occur after one of <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">א ה ח ע, the mark takes its short vowel as described above, except for <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ְ which remains silent in this case.
 * If any of these marks occur between two of the same consonant, then the mark takes its short vowel depending on what consonant precedes it.
 * The marks <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ִ ֵ ֶ ַ ָ ֹ ֻ and the vowel sequence <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">וּ represent short or long vowels, depending on circumstances.
 * If one of these vowels occurs in a syllable before another syllable with another one of these vowels, then the first of the two vowels is pronounced long, no exceptions.
 * If one of these vowels is the final vowel in the word, it will be a long vowel, unless the penultimate vowel carries a cantillation accent. Accents on antepenultimate syllables can happen too under very rare circumstances, but only if the final two vowels are short&mdash;in this case, the antepenultimate short vowel would have to be one of <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ְ ֱ ֲ ֳ.
 * If one of these vowels occurs before a doubled consonant or a consonant cluster, then it will be pronounced short, unless the vowel is inherently long or takes a cantillation stress mark, in which case it will be long.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ִ in its long form is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ī/ and pronounced.
 * In its short form, it is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/i/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ֵ is inherently always long, and is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ē/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ֶ in its long form is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ẹ/ and pronounced.
 * In its short form, it is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/e/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ַ in its long form is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ạ/ and pronounced.
 * In its short form, it is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/a/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ָ is a bit more complicated.
 * In its long form, it is usually transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ā/ and pronounced.
 * In its short form, it is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/o/ and pronounced.
 * However, in its short form at the end of a word, it is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/å/ and pronounced.
 * Under rare and wholly contextual circumstances, its long form is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ọ/ and pronounced . This usually happens when a word's otherwise <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/o/ syllable is given a cantillation stress mark for additional emphasis, promoting it to the rare <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ọ/.
 * Not all Tiberian Hebrew linguists recognize and  as separate phonemes, and many will indicate only  for <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ָ .  This has become true for Ashkenazi Hebrew where they are all, but their articulations have congealed separately in Sephardi Hebrew, and ultimately also in Israeli Hebrew as  and  there.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ֹ is inherently always long, and is transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ō/ and pronounced.
 * <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;"> ֻ or the vowel sequence <font dir="rtl" style="font-family: SBL Hebrew;">וּ in their long forms are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/ū/ and pronounced.
 * In their short forms, they are transcribed <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">/u/ and pronounced.

Friendly
I also devised another variation of this transcription system, whose purpose is to be friendlier-looking as a writing system, as opposed to the above's scientific transcription. As such, more consideration goes into the aesthetics of this "friendly" system.

At a glance
· bh b bb bbh gh g gg ggh dh d dd ddh h w ww z zz ħ ţ ţţ j jj kh k kk kkh l ll m mm n nn s ss għ ph p pp pph ç çç q qq r x xx ł łł th t tt tth i ī ē e ẹ a ạ å ā o ọ ō u ū

Differences

 * The glottal stop <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ʼ is indicated only as a simple non-invasive mid-dot, or ·. It is omitted altogether at the beginning of a word.
 * The soft consonants <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ḇ ġ ḏ ḵ ṗ ṯ are indicated as bh gh dh kh ph th. The rare doubled soft consonants <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ḇḇ ġġ ḏḏ ḵḵ ṗṗ ṯṯ are indicated as bbh ggh ddh kkh pph tth.
 * The pharyngeal consonants <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ḥ ʻ are indicated as ħ għ. This spelling is borrowed from Maltese, another Semitic language.
 * The pharyngealized coronals <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ṭ ṣ are indicated ţ ç, with a cedilla under each. ç was chosen for its similarity to both Slavic /c/ (pronounced ) and French /ç/ (pronounced ).  Conceivably, it could be spelt simply c (without the cedilla) before vowels such as e i, but this would be a non-linguistic aesthetic distinction as this phoneme does not change its pronunciation before different vowels as the Romance languages do.
 * The palatal approximant <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">y is indicated as j. This not only continues to reflect Maltese, but a great many languages that pronounce this spelling in this manner.
 * The voiceless postalveolar fricative <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">š is indicated as x. Once again, this convention is borrowed from Maltese, which itself borrowed it from Medieval Spanish.  Today, Nahuatl and Mandarin Chinese pinyin also uses x in this manner.
 * The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ś is indicated as ł. But if treated as an allophone of <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ś (which I do not), then this can be indicated as s.
 * The schwa <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">ə is indicated simply as e, while retaining its distinct pronunciation. As mentioned above, there should be no real ambiguity in context.


 * The word-initial <font style="font-family: Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode;">u- conjunction (meaning "and") is indicated as wu- to indicate that it does not begin with a glottal stop. There should be no change in pronunciation.