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= TEX 55 =

TEX55 is a protein encoding gene located on the forward strand of human chromosome three, open reading frame 30 (3q13.32). TEX55 is also known as Testis-specific conserved, cAMP-dependent type II PK anchoring protein (TSCPA), and uncharacterized protein C3orf30.

= Gene = This gene is 13,893 bp and spans from base pair 119,146,150 to 119,160,042. This gene is flanked by immunoglobulin superfamily member 11.

= Homology =

Paralogs
The TEX55 protein has no known paralogs.

Orthologs
TEX55 has orthologs in many mammals including, bats, dolphins, and even aardvarks. However, the TEX55 protein cannot be found outside of clade Mammalia. The most distant ortholog is found in the Aardvark, which is thought to have diverged an estimated 105 MYA.

Homologous Domains
Tex55 has two homologous domains according to GeneCard: EF-Hand Calcium Binding Domain 10 and Uroplakin 1B, both of which are found in the middle of the protein. Uroplakin 1B is known to regulate cell development, activation, growth, and motility. This could indicate why abnormalities and TEX55 expression leads to sperm with altered morphology.

= mRNA = The mRNA of TEX55 is 1800 base pairs and has three exons. According to GeneCard, the TEX55 mRNA has 3 theoretical splice forms, but only the one containing all three exons have been studied. The 5’ UTR of the mRNA has an RFX1 binding site, used to activate transcription.

Promoter
The promoter region of TEX55 has multiple SRY box-6 and SOX/SRY-sex/testis determining and related HMG box transcription factor binding sites, as well as an X-linked zinc finger binding site. This indicated that the sex chromosomes may play a role in post-translational modification and expression.

= Protein = The transcript of the TEX 55 mRNA is 536 AA, 60.28 kD, had an isoelectric point of 5.51, and is highly conserved at the C-terminus. Analysis of the sumoylation sites indicate that Lys 14 has a high probability of being sumoylated. Through function-region analysis, the researchers found that this protein may act as an anchoring protein of cAMP-dependent type-II PK, and might be an A-kinase anchoring proteins.

Expression
Expression of TEX55 mRNA can be found in most tissues in the human body, from the brain to the prostate. However, the protein produced by this mRNA has been shown to be produced mainly in the testis of mammals, according to NCBI. Analysis done by the Human Protein Atlas indicates that the TEX55 protein can be found not only in the testis, but also the bronchus, Fallopian tubes, and endometrium.

= Clinical Significance = Being produced mainly in the testis of mammals, researchers believe that the protein product of TEX55 plays a role in spermatogenesis. It has been shown that individuals with cryptorchidism and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome, which are both associated with sterility, do not produce this protein in their testis. MicroArray analysis of individuals with Teratozoospermia, a condition that is characterized by ~96% of sperm morphology being alter, indicates that Tex 55 expression is reduced by ~20%. In clinical research the TEX55 protein products have been detected in mice starting at 38 days old, then up regulated for at least 6 month.