User:Gingermoore19/sandbox

 What went on wikipedia 

Gender Differences
There are many gender differences when it comes to substance abuse. Men and Women express differences in the short and long-term effects of substance abuse. These differences can be credited to sexual dimorphisms in brain, endocrine and metabolic systems. Social and environmental factors that tend to disproportionately effect women; such as child and elder care and the risk of exposure to violence are also factors in the gender differences in substance abuse. Women report having greater impairment in areas such as employment, family and social functioning when abusing substances but have a similar response to treatment. Co-occurring psychiatric disorders are more common among women than men who abuse substances; women more frequently use substances to reduce the negative effects of these co-occurring disorders. Substance abuse puts both men and women at higher risk for perpetration and victimization of sexual violence. Men tend to take drugs for the first time to be part of a group and fit in more so than women. At first interaction, women may experience more pleasure from drugs than men do. Women tend to progress more rapidly from first experience to addiction than men. Physicians, psychiatrists and social workers have believed for decades that women escalate alcohol use more rapidly once they start. Once the addictive behavior is established for women they stabilize at higher doses of drugs than males do. When withdrawing from smoking women experience greater stress response. Males experience greater symptoms when withdrawing from alcohol. There are even gender differences when it comes to rehabilitation and relapse rates. For alcohol, relapse rates were very similar for men and women. For women, marriage and marital stress were risk factors for alcohol relapse. For men, being married lowered the risk of relapse. This difference may be a result of gendered differences in excessive drinking. Alcoholic women are much more likely to be married to partners that drink excessively than are alcoholic men. As a result of this, men may be protected from relapse by marriage while women are out at higher risk when married. However, women are less likely than men to experience relapse to substance use. When a man experiences a relapse to substance use he more than likely had a positive experience prior to the relapse. On the other hand, when women relapse to substance use they were more than likely affected by negative circumstances or interpersonal problems.

 Prep for Wikipedia 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735817302507?via%3Dihub

Sex and gender differences in substance use disorders


 * Women and men exhibit differences in the acute and long-term effects of substances.
 * Social and environment factors contribute to gender differences in substance use.
 * Women report greater impairment, but have similar response to treatment.
 * Some gender differences in response to pharmacotherapies have been detected.
 * Gender differences in substance use disorders remain understudied

https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.manowar.tamucc.edu/doi/full/10.1002/jnr.23963

Sex differences, gender and addiction


 * Effects of the environment and positive or negative experience can also affect the brain and influence vulnerability to addiction differently in males and females
 * Physicians, psychiatrists and social workers have believed since early in the 20th century that women escalate alcohol use rapidly once they start
 * women tend to progress more rapidly than men from initial experience to addiction
 * More rapid escalation after initiation of drug use in women compared with men has been replicated for other drugs of abuse
 * Most data suggests that women and men have similar outcomes after treatment for substance use disorders once women have navigated all the barriers to treatment and engagement that they encounter
 * what has been reported to differ between women and men are the factors related to relapse, which is reported to be more sporadic (occurring without apparent trigger or intent), and related to negative affect, as well as previous physical and sexual abuse among women

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027273580500139X?via%3Dihub

Gender differences in alcohol and substance use relapse


 * For alcohol, relapse rates were similar across gender
 * For women, marriage and marital stress were risk factors for alcohol relapse; among men, marriage lowered relapse risk. This gender difference in the role of marriage in relapse may be a result of partner differences in problem drinking. Alcoholic women are more likely to be married to heavy drinking partners than are alcoholic men; thus, alcoholic women may be put at risk of relapse by marriage and alcoholic men may be protected by marriage
 * women appear less likely to experience relapse to substance use, relative to men
 * Women relapsing to substance use appear to be more sensitive to negative affect and interpersonal problems. Men, in contrast, may be more likely to have positive experiences prior to relapse.

Some annotated bib:

Cotto, J. H., Davis, E., Dowling, G. J., Elcano, J. C., Staton, A. B., & Weiss, S. R. (2010). Gender effects on drug use, abuse, and dependence: A special analysis of results from the national survey on drug use and health. Gender Medicine, 7(5), 402–413. doi: 10.1016/j.genm.2010.09.004

In this piece, the authors examined a sample that focused on two age groups and many commonly abused drugs. The results of the examination showed that males had issues with substance abuse at significantly higher rates than females, but age and type of drug did play a factor in who used what. Girls abused cocaine a lot more than boys and boys used marijuana much more than girls. This article will give me a good basis to begin editing my Wikipedia article because it shows that there is scientific evidence that there is a difference in substance abuse among men and women, which is not discussed at all in my article.

Dwyer, R., & Fraser, S. (2017). Engendering drug problems: Materialising gender in the DUDIT and other screening and diagnostic ‘apparatuses.’ International Journal of Drug Policy, 44, 135–144. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.049

The authors of this piece contend that addiction is being gendered from the very start when just looking at drug and alcohol research. They point out that there are separate scores for men and for women when it comes to being considered an addict. They also look at the way that the questions themselves in Drug Use Disorders Identification Tests are gendered. I plan on using this article to support the one above about genders effects on drug use. I plan on presenting it in a way where I begin with talking about this article first because it deals with the testing for drug and alcohol abuse, and then leading into the article above over how gender affects addiction. I feel that they both compliment each other.

Ellen Tuchman PhD (2010) Women and Addiction: The Importance of Gender Issues in Substance Abuse Research, Journal of Addictive Diseases, 29:2, 127-138, DOI: 10.1080/10550881003684582

The author points out that substance abuse was once considered only a mans problem and most research was geared towards men. She also points out that women who are addicts usually face multiple obstacles in their way when in the process of receiving treatment. She also explains each gender responds to treatment differently and that different types of treatment should be used for men and women. I plan on placing this information at the very end of my contribution to the Wikipedia page because it seems like a good way to conclude because the author does go into treatment types that work best. I plan to briefly describe the treatment plans for men and those for women as my conclusion.