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Chain of Craters
Chain of Craters Road is a 19-mile winding paved road through the East Rift and coastal area of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the island of Hawaii, in the state of Hawaii, United States. The original road, built in 1928, connected Crater Rim Drive to Makaopuhi Crater. The road was lengthened to reach the tiny town of Kalapana in 1959. The road has had parts covered by lava several times due to eruptions of the Kīlauea volcano.[1]

Route description
The road has paths and road offshoots that allow access to various volcanic views such as pit craters, active and dormant lava flows, plumes from lava tubes and various geographic sites that can be accessed by trails from the road. Caution is urged as these areas are dangerous. There are also scenic views through tropical rainforests, and the seacoast. Next to the park's Visitor Center is the 10-mile (16 km) paved Crater Rim Drive around Kilauea caldera, off which a short paved road leads to a viewpoint overlooking Kīlauea, the origin of the 1995 eruption that closed the Chain of Craters Road.[2]

The road begins at 19°24′18″N 155°15′10″WCoordinates: 19°24′18″N 155°15′10″W, the highest part of the eastern rift zone where frequent rains created a rainforest. 3 mi (4.8 km) down the road is the vent of Kīlauea volcano.[3] The road goes another 2 mi (3.2 km), passing the group of craters for which the road is named and then crosses a narrow flow of pāhoehoe lava that erupted in 1974 before it reaches Lua Manu, the first pit crater.[4] The crater formed through a sinking of the earth surface and not as primarily a vent for lava.[5]

Here lava spilled into the crater in 1974 but did not fill it. The collapsed rubble-filled Puhimau, the second pit crater is 500 feet deep. This crater and the next, a dirt pit crater, Koʻokoʻolau, give no idications of recent eruptions. However Koʻokoʻolau has pumice cones on the rim that suggest it formed originally as an eruptive vent. The road runs into Hilina Pali Road, a winding eight-mile road that dead ends. The road passes Pauahi crater, and fresh fault scarp that have been active for more than 1000 years. The road continues through a forest, Kipuka Nene, 1,100 year old trees surrounded by fresh lava.

Toward the sea the road crosses a pāhoehoe lava flow. Here can be seen steam from lava tubes.[6] Lava flows from the Kīlauea volcano eruption closed the road in 1969. In 1979 the road was reopened, but it was cut again in 1986 by a lava flow from another eruption of Kīlauea, a volcano that is one of Earth's most active.[7][8] As of 2014, Chain of Craters Road is about 19 miles (30 km) long to where it deadends, with the remaining 7.5 miles (12 km) of it buried by lava from different flows from the Puʻu ʻŌʻō vent that occurred between 1986 and August, 2013. In all, it descends 3,700 feet between Crater Rim Drive and the barren, windy south coast.[3][9]

Between September and November, 2014, work was carried out to reopen Chain of Craters Road, initially as a one-lane gravelled surface, to serve as an emergency road for the residents of Lower Puna who are in imminent danger of being cut off if the current so-called June 27 flow crosses highway 130 at Pāhoa.[10][11]

Conditions
Even if no active lava is visible, Chain of Craters Road is an exceptionally scenic and spectacular drive,[3] but it can be hazardous under poor conditions. Moreover, because of the dangers posed by an active volcano, the US Geological Survey posts a daily conditions report which should be checked before driving on the Chain of Craters Road or taking any of its offshoots or trails. In April 2008 the area was rated as dangerous with a high alert because of volcanic activity and sulfuric gas.[12]