User:Gioto/1693

1693 Naples earthquake - 93000 people killed (need facts) could not find on cfti4med for ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1693_Sicily_earthquake )

Mention:
 * Earthquake
 * Tsunami
 * Volcanic eruption ( Mt AEtna)

possible refs

 * A Letter from Mr. Martin Hartop at Naples, to the Publisher. Together with an Account of the Late Earthquake in Sicily (January 1, 1753)


 * A dreadful account of a most terrible earthquake which lately happened in Italy : wherein thirty seven great cities and towns were totally destroy'd, and one hundred and twenty thousand of men, women, and children perished, 8c.
 * London, Printed by W. Downing in Great St. Bartholomew-close. 1693 (In a letter from the consul of Messina's secretary.; broadside.; 36x21cm., mounted & bd. to 66cm.; Signed: Your ever loving brother W.B.; Narcissus Luttrell's copy, priced & dated in his hand: 1d 24. Febr. 1692/3.; No. B101(1) of the Marquess of Bute broadsides.) Reel: 1, No. B101(1)


 * LE CITTÀ SICILIANE RICOSTRUITE DOPO IL TERREMOTO DEL 1693 (SICILIAN CITIES REBUILT AFTER THE 1693 EARTHQUAKE)


 * Mack Smith, D. (1968). A history of Sicily. New York: Viking. ( http://www.earth-prints.org/handle/2122/3411 )


 * Earthquakes in Sicily powerpoint


 * Lentini, F., Carbone, S., & Guarnieri, P. (2006). Collisional and postcollisional tectonics of the Apenninic-Maghrebian orogen (southern Italy). Special Papers. (409), 57-82.


 * Azzaro, R., Barbano, M. S., Moroni, A., Mucciarelli, M., & Stucchi, M. (1999) The seismic history of Catania. JOURNAL OF SEISMOLOGY. 3 (3), 235-252.


 * Amico, S., Mostaccio, A., Piangiamore, G., et al. (2004). The earthquake of 6 September 2002 and the seismic history of Palermo (Northern Sicily, Italy): Implications for the seismic hazard assessment of the city. JOURNAL OF SEISMOLOGY. 8 (4), 525-543.


 * Corti, G., Cuffaro, M., Doglioni, C., Innocenti, F., & Manetti, P. (2006). Coexisting geodynamic processes in the Sicily Channel. Special Papers. (409), 83-96.


 * Guidoboni E., G. Ferrari, D.Mariotti, A.Comastri, G.Tarabusi and G.Valensise 2007 - CFTI4Med, Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 B.C.-1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C.-1500). INGV-SGA. Available from http://storing.ingv.it/cfti4med/.


 * Rumblings in the air: understanding earthquakes in the 1690s Endeavour, Volume 31, Issue 1, March 2007, Pages 24-29


 * Test of Source-Parameter Inversion of the Intensities of a 54,000-Death Shock of the Seventeenth Century in Southeast Sicily, Livio Sirovich and Franco Pettenati, The National Institute for Oceanography and for Experimental Geophysics (OGS)

tsunamis

 * ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, Paper No. 465, Vol. 42, No. 4, December 2005, pp. 189-201 ASSESSING THE HAZARD RELATED TO TSUNAMIS OF TECTONIC ORIGIN: A HYBRID STATISTICAL-DETERMINISTIC METHOD APPLIED TO SOUTHERN ITALY COASTS - Page 192, There is one further important correction regarding the 11 January 1693 tsunamigenic earthquake that affected south-eastern Sicily. A very interesting debate is still going on regarding the correct position of the generic fault of this earthquake. Based on macroseismic data analysis and inversion, both C1 and CPTI041 put the epicentre of this earthquake inland, and favour source mechanisms involving large strike-slip components. The position and the focal mechanism are in contrast with the historical accounts on the effects of the tsunami that followed the earthquake, which were disastrous in a large portion of the eastern Sicily coast and were felt in large coastal portions facing the western Ionian Sea. To match the historical evidences on the tsunami, normal faulting along offshore structures parallel to eastern Sicily must be invoked (see, for example, Tinti et al., 2001). Several offshore faults have been mapped during different seismic surveys (e.g., Argnani and Bonazzi, 2002), while no direct evidence exists for inland faulting. For these reasons, we chose to move the epicentre of the 11 January 1693 earthquake offshore, namely at 15.39°E, 37.27°N. 


 * Andrea Billi, Liliana Minelli, Barbara Orecchio, and Debora Presti, Constraints to the cause of three historical tsunamis (1908, 1783, and 1693) in the Messina Straits region, Sicily, southern Italy, Seismological Research Letters (November 2010), 81(6):907-915


 * Catalogue of tsunamis generated in Italy and in Cote d’Azur, France:a step towards a unified catalogue of tsunamis in Europe, Stefano Tinti and Alessandra Maramai - 1693 1 9 - Eastern Sicily Anomalous sea movement at Augusta and 1693 l 11 - Eastern Sicily Large sea withdrawal and flooding at Augusta
 * 


 * Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy)


 * LO TSUNAMI DELL’11 GENNAIO 1693 IN SICILIA ORIENTALE: UN NUOVO CONTRIBUTO AL DIBATTITO SULL’IDENTIFICAZIONE DELLA SORGENTE. TERREMOTO, FRANA SOTTOMARINA O ENTRAMBI?


 * Tsunami and storm deposits preserved within a ria-type rocky coastal setting (Siracusa, SE Sicily), G. Scicchitano, B. Costa, A. Di Stefano, S.G. Longhitano and C. Monaco


 * Active tectonics along the submarine slope of south-eastern Sicily: The case of the 1693 earthquake and tsunami, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 13, EGU2011-6462, 2011, EGU General Assembly 2011 , one of which, the January 11, 1693 earthquake, has been considered as the largest earthquake in the history of Italy

Page 54

1693, January 11, 21h.CA. Calabrian Arc, Island of Sicily, the eastern shore. At 04h on January 9, Sicily was enveloped by a strong earthquake preceded by a boom causing panic also on Lipari Islands. Sailors in one of the boats sailing near the Island of Malta reported that the sea suddenly became rough (stormy) without any reason. The seismic process reached its colmination on January 11 when a catastrophic earthquake, together with fires that originated, casued damage to 60 towns and villages; according to chronicles, 60,000 inhabitants were killed (from other data, 93,000). Aftershocks continued till May. A tsunami was observed on the shore from Messina to Syracuse. At first, the sea receded from the coast in Messina, Catania, Augusta, Syracuse and in other places. In Augusta, sailors of serveral two - mast galleys, who went on shore, saw the water under the keels of their ships disappear. Then, the ships were suddenly throw toward the coast by the powerful roller when the water returned. After this first movement of water a second one was observed; the sea receded by 25 - 30 yards and then returned having risen 2.5 m above its usual level. In Mascali, the sea receded from the coast and subsequently flooded the dry land over a distance of more than a mile; in Taormina the sea receded for a mile; in Catania the sea came to the S. Filippo square and flooded farmsteads and buildings in suburbs of the city.

Page 55

The ground in the harbour of Messina was uncovered; fish were left at the sea - front after the tsunami. In Syracuse, the sea receded from the coast three times and each time, on returning, it flooded the shore 50 yards father than the usual surf line. No fish were caught for 15 days and nights after the earthquake. In Lentini, the sea "swelled" receding from the coast and after that violently returned onto the coast. In Naso, the stormy sea flooded the dry land [Mongitore, 1743; Baratta, 1901; Ann. Bible., 1964, No. 76; Caputo and Faita, 1984]. CF82, 37|10N, 15|01E, I=X, i=3 - 4;S89,90:i max=3-4,R.

List of Towns (source 1)

 * The Reconstruction of Catania after the Earthquake of 1693, Stefano Condorelli

From page 801 (figure 2: The main cities and towns destroyed by the earthquake)

Heavily destroyed

 * 1 Trecastagni ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trecastagni )
 * 2 Pedra ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedara )
 * 3 Acireale ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acireale )
 * 4 Battiati ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Agata_li_Battiati )<- guess
 * 5 Catania ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catania )
 * 6 Palagonia ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palagonia )
 * 7 Mineo ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineo )
 * 8 Caltagirone ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltagirone )
 * 9 Sortino ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortino )
 * 10 Augusta ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Sicily )
 * 11 Melilli ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilli )
 * 12 Syracuse ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily )
 * 13 Scicli ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scicli )
 * 14 Modica ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modica )

Heavily destroyed and have changed their town site

 * 15 Avola ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avola )
 * 16 Lentini
 * 17 Noto
 * 18 Ragusa
 * 19 Grammichele

Other Cities (Sicily)

 * 20 Messina
 * 21 Palermo

Other Cities (Main land Italy)

 * 22 Reggio ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Calabria )<-guess

Other Cities (Other Countries)

 * 23 Malta

List of Towns (source 2)

 * An Account of the Late Terrible Earthquake in Sicily with Most of Its Particulars The Harleian miscellany; or, A collection of scarce, curious, and ..., Volume 10, edited by William Oldys, John Malham

List of Towns

 * 1 Catania ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catania )
 * 2 Syracusa ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily )
 * 3 Noto ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noto )
 * 4 Augusta ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Sicily )
 * 5 Lentini ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentini )
 * 6 Caltigiorone ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltagirone )
 * 7 Mineo ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineo )
 * 8 Morreal (Monreal)
 * 9 Palermo (100 killed in a suburb of wood) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo )
 * 10 Pasceni
 * 11 Patuzolo
 * 12 Furla ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferla )
 * 13 Sciorti
 * 14 Militlello ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militello_in_Val_di_Catania )
 * 15 Luochela (castle swallowed by a newly formed lake)
 * 16 Palonia
 * 17 Buchino
 * 18 Scodia (lake disappeard ) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordia )
 * 19 Chivamonte ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaramonte_Gulfi )<-guess
 * 20 Monterusso ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterosso_Almo )<-guess
 * 21 Vizzini ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizzini )
 * 22 Modica ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modica )
 * 23 Bisenti (no damage - ~ 100 dead)
 * 24 Francofonte (14 burnt house) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francofonte )
 * 25 Carlotini ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlentini )
 * 26 Ragusa ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragusa,_Sicily )
 * 27 Scordia (little damage - 24 dead)
 * 28 Specafurno
 * 29 Scichilo (whole town sank into water )
 * 30 Cefamero
 * 31 Santa Croce ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Croce_Camerina )<-guess
 * 32 Giamontano ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giarratana )<-guess
 * 33 Licodia ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licodia_Eubea )<-guess
 * 34 Jaci (st peters net ) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acireale most likley)or( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aci_Catena )<-guess
 * 35 La Motta (salt pool where the town was) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motta_Sant%27Anastasia )<-guess
 * 36 Messina ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina )
 * 37 Malta ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta ) country
 * 38 Calabria ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria ) region

Catania Only

 * 8. DAMAGE IN CATANIA ON THE OCCASION OF THE 1693 EARTHQUAKES (A. Moroni, R. Azzaro, M. Stucchi, M. S. Barbano and P. Albini)

Source (3)
Source already in the article:
 * Rodríguez de la Torre, Fernando (1995). "Spanish sources concerning the 1693 earthquake in Sicily". Annali di Geofisica 38 (5-6): 523–539


 * Mentions on page 526: Section 6. The victims
 * list reliable sources on towns & deaths

Source (4)
http://www.archive.org/stream/philtrans06207627/06207627#page/n7/mode/2up

table of towns and number of deaths