User:Glida7/Monosaccharide diet

Monosaccharide diets are diets that use monosaccharides as the principal type of carbohydrate to be consumed. They limit the type of carbohydrates that are difficult to break down. Monosaccharide diets avoid disaccharides and polysaccharides. SCD is an example of a monosaccharide diet.

The Principles of SCD and Science
The basic principle of SCD is that ... This principle is also backed(supported) by scientific research. The famous boook for doctors, the Merck Maanual states the following: http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec02/ch017/ch017a.html

Carbohydrates: Enzymes on microvilli lyse carbohydrates and disaccharides into constituent monosaccharides. Colonic bacteria ferment unabsorbed carbohydrates into CO2, methane, H2, and short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, acetate, and lactate). These fatty acids cause diarrhea. The gases cause abdominal distention and bloating.

More details about the science behind SCD may be found by the following sources: The book, Breaking the Vicious Cycle The full article An article describing scientific backing for SCD is found The Pecanbread website has a section about

SCD is getting rave reviews from doctors of autism.

Recent research about autism, bacteria and digestion explains why this diet is recommended for the digestion and neurological issues of children with autism.

Children with autism have unusual bacteria
The microorganisms living in the bodies of autistic children are radically different from those of typical children.

The difference is in both the number and type of bacteria. Children with autism have a much higher number of bacteria; they have bacterial overgrowth. The bacteria are giving children with autism a a distinct chemical fingerprint in their urine, with clear and significant differences between children with autism and unrelated controls. This difference is so significant that this might form the basis of an early diagnostic test for autism. The studies are showing that children with autism are having more gram negative bacteria than typical children. An increase in gram negative bacteria may also be a risk factor for both digestive[] and neurological problems. Gram negative bacteria contain a toxin called endotoxin. Endotoxin has another name: Lypopolysaccharide or LPS

Bacteria Affect the Mind
A researcher in Italy  found that autistic men had significantly more endotoxin (another name for the bacterial toxin, LPS) in their blood than healthy men. Moreover, it was found that the men who had the highest level of LPS were the most socially impaired.

LPS induces in mice a autistic like syndrome, characterized by body weight loss, reduced locomotor, exploratory, and social behavior. This result has been replicated so many times by different research studies that the names, "Sickness Behavior" and "Endotoxemia" are now applied to this condition.

LPS also produces damage in the amygdala,  the hippo-campus and the white matter. These parts of the brain are impaired in autism.

Bacteria Affect the Digestive Tract
There is a link between bacterial overgrowth and digestive problems. Bacterial overgrowth leads to

Children with autism also display a higher rate of digestive disorders than typical children. Even children with autism who do not exhibit the usual symptoms of digestive disorders may have hidden defects in the GI tract.

The bacterial toxin, LPS, has been found to cause a variety of digestive problems including leaky gut and X. The role of bacteria and their toxins in creating carbohydrate malabsorption is especially significant since most bacteria use unabsorbed carbohydrates as food to survive in the intestinal tract.

Carbohydrate Malabsorption and Bacterial Overgrowth
People with bacterial overgrowth have an abnormally large supply of carbohydrates to feed the the huge amount of bacteria found in their GI tract. Since Bacteria need carbohydrates to survive and use unabsorbed carbohydrates as food, it is logical to assume that people with bacterial overgrowth will have problems absorbing foods. . There are scientific articles that show a link between malabsorption and bacterial overgrowth.

Bacterial overgrowth will produce carbohydrate malabsorption by several different processes. Bacterial overgrowth will damage the brush border enzymes. The brush border enzymes are needed to break down the complex carbohydrates into easy to digest carbs (monosaccharides). It has been found that about 60% of children with autism have a shortage of at least one enzyme needed to digest carbs. Even the children who show no shortage of these enzymes may have carbohydrate malabsorption because the tests for enzymes may provide misleading results. There are several reasons for this. One of the reasons might be due to the fact that bacteria also destroy other parts of the GU tract that are important for the absorption of carbohydrates.

LPS damages the glycocalyx and the microvilli, parts of the digestive system that are crucial for the digestion of carbohydrates. The

The glycocalyx the microvilli

microvilli not only increase the cellular surface area for absorption, they also increase the number of digestive enzymes that can be present on the cell surface. [edit]

This layer may be used to aid binding of substances needed for uptake, to adhere nutrients or as protection against harmful elements.

It can be another location for functional enzymes to be localized. [edit]

Cells that absorb substances need a large surface area in contact with the substance to be efficient.[7]

The epithelial cells are lined with microvilli that further increase the surface area; a 6 meter long tube has a surface area of 300 square meters.

In addition to its length, the interior wall of the small intestine is folded in such a way as to greatly increase the surface area. Small projections or foldings of the inner wall called villi (villus is the singular form) look like little fingers extending into the interior of the small intestine. The surface of each villus is further folded into microvilli. All this surface area makes the absorption of food molecules very efficient.

fter digestion the next step is absorption done by cells of the mucous membrane of the intestine. For this task a large absorption surface is an advantage. How is it possible in the small internal space of the body of a pluricellular organism to present a large intestinal surface?

Evolution tried to solve this problem in two ways. The simplest is the long and tubular shape of the bowels (approximately eight meters in extension), making possible that numerous small intestine loops fold closely. More efficient solutions are the intestinal villi and the microvilli of the mucosal membrane cells.

The intestinal wall is not smooth. The mucous membrane, together with its submucosa, projects inside the gut lumen like glove fingers forming invaginations and villi that multiply the available surface for absorption. In addition the epithelial cells that cover these villi have themselves numerous hairlike projections called microvilli on the external face (lumen face) of their plasma membrane. The absorptive area of the intestines is thus increased hundreds of times with these solutions.

The shag carpet will have bare spots or the terry cloth towel becomes like a tee shirt. The result is lack of absorption of nutrients and water resulting in weight loss, malnutrition, and diarrhea. Celiac diasease biopsy: What are other possible causes of biopsy changes that mimic celiac disease?

Cow's milk protein sensitive enteropathy (CMSE), viral or bacterial infections, medications (especially aspirin like arthritis medications e.g. ibuprofen etc), autoimmune enteropathy, Helicobacter pylori infection (the stomach ulcer bacteria), AIDs, common variable immunodeficiency, and lymphoma of the intestine are all possible causes of small intestine changes that may mimic celiac.

Additional studies in animals have shown that colonization of Enterobacteria in the small intestine causes changes in mucosal structure of the villi. Several experiments have been conducted on rabbit jejunum. Coliform bacteria are usually aerobes or facultative anaerobes, and they contain toxins that increase fluid secretion in the intestines. Another experiment conducted on rabbit jejunum has shown that Klebsiella pneumonia, when entered into the jejunum, decreases xylose absorption while shortening and blunting the villi, inhibiting absorption [6]. Similar results have been shown with a different strain of bacteria, Enterobacter cloacae, is also entered into the jejunum [6].

SIBO can result in villous atrophy and mucosal inflammation, altering the absorptive functions of the small intestine [9]. The main cause of SIBO is thought to be mainly bacterial. The production of enterotoxins by facultative anaerobes injures the intestinal surface while aerobic bacteria produce enzymes and metabolic products that cause epithelial injury. Symptoms of SIBO result mainly from malabsorption, and these symptoms include combinations of cramping, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and weight loss. In addition, anemia can result from malabsorption caused by occult blood loss, vitamin B12 deficiency, or both [9].

=
============================= This helps to explain where the gut bacteria are getting their food. Colonic bacteria will use the unabsorbed carbohydrates as food that should be examined since

LPS damages the glycocalyx and the microvilli, parts of the digestive system that are crucial for the digestion of carbohydrates. The

The glycocalyx the microvilli

It is the goal of SCD to provide the easiest to digest foods (monosaccharides)so that there will be a minimum of undigested foods. This will starve the pathogenic bacteria.

A researcher in Italy  found that autistic men had significantly more LPS in their blood than healthy men. Moreover, it was found that the men who had the highest level of LPS were the most socially impaired. [6]

LPS induces in mice a autistic like syndrome, characterized by body weight loss, reduced locomotor, exploratory, and social behavior. This result has been replicated so many times by different research studies that the names, "Sickness Behavior" and "Endotoxemia" are now applied to this condition. [3][4][5]

LPS also produces damage in the amygdala[7], the hippo-campus [8]and the white matter.[9] These parts of the brain are impaired in autism.[10][11] Scientific research shows that children with autism can get better when pathogenic bacterias are removed from their body. Significant improvement was noted in autistic children after taking the antibiotic Vancomycin. This is very impressive when we consider that vancomycin only eliminates gram positive bacteria[]. Even better results would probably have occured if both gram negative and gram positive bacteria had been eliminated. Unfortunately, Antibiotics are only effective in eliminating the bacteria of children with autism for short periods of time, the bacteria quickly regrow. the improvements from the study with Vancomycin did not last because the bacterias returned[][].

Children with autism should avoid eating the kind of foods that bring bacterial overgrowth. This will prevent both gram negative and positive bacteria from multiplying and producing toxins that destroy the gut and brains of children. ---

There is no evidence of disability in the child's physical appearance - many children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder are very attractive in appearance.

http://www.adhd.com.au/Autism.htm

Children with autism have unusual bacteria
The microorganisms living in the bodies of autistic children are radically different from those of typical children. [2][3]

The difference is in both the number and type of bacteria. Children with autism have a much higher number of bacteria; they have bacterial overgrowth. The bacteria are giving children with autism a a distinct chemical fingerprint in their urine, with clear and significant differences between children with autism and unrelated controls.[4] This difference is so significant that this might form the basis of an early diagnostic test for autism.[4]

The studies are showing that children with autism are having more gram negative bacteria than typical children. An increase in gram negative bacteria may also be a risk factor for both digestive[] and neurological problems. Gram negative bacteria contain a toxin called endotoxin[2]. Endotoxin has another name: Lypopolysaccharide or LPS[2]

Bacteria Affect the Mind
A researcher in Italy  found that autistic men had significantly more endotoxin (LPS) in their blood than healthy men. Moreover, it was found that the men who had the highest level of LPS were the most socially impaired. [6]

LPS induces in mice a autistic like syndrome, characterized by body weight loss, reduced locomotor, exploratory, and social behavior. This result has been replicated so many times by different research studies that the names, "Sickness Behavior" and "Endotoxemia" are now applied to this condition. [3][4][5]

LPS also produces damage in the amygdala[7],  the hippo-campus [8] and the white matter.[9] These parts of the brain are impaired in autism.[10][11]

Bacteria Affect the Digestive Tract
Children with autism also display a higher rate of digestive disorders than typical children[5][6]. However, there are children with autism who do not exhibit the usual symmptoms of digestive disorders. However,even children with autism who do not exhibit the usual symptoms of digestive disorders may have hidden defects in the GI tract.[7]

The bacterial toxin, LPS, has been found to cause a variety of digestive problems including leaky gut and X. The role of bacteria and their toxins in creating carbohydrate malabsorption is especially significant since most bacteria need eat carbohydrates to survive in the intestinal tract.

Carbohydrate Malabsorption and Bacterial Overgrowth
people with bacterial overgrowth have an abnormally large supply of carbohydrates to feed the the huge amount of bacteria found in their GI tract. Since Bacteria need carbohydrates to survive and use unabsorbed carbohydrates as food. It is logical to assume that people with bacterial overgrowth will have lots a large amount of unabsorbed carbohydrates. There are scientific articles that show a link between malabsorption and bacterial overgrowth. This helpes to explain where the gut bacteria are getting their food. Colonic bacteria will use the unabsorbed carbohydrates as food that should be examined since

LPS damages the glycocalyx and the microvilli, parts of the digestive system that are crucial for the digestion of carbohydrates.

The glycocalyx ....

A researcher in Italy  found that autistic men had significantly more LPS in their blood than healthy men. Moreover, it was found that the men who had the highest level of LPS were the most socially impaired. [6]

LPS induces in mice a autistic like syndrome, characterized by body weight loss, reduced locomotor, exploratory, and social behavior. This result has been replicated so many times by different research studies that the names, "Sickness Behavior" and "Endotoxemia" are now applied to this condition. [3][4][5]

LPS also produces damage in the amygdala[7], the hippo-campus [8]and the white matter.[9] These parts of the brain are impaired in autism.[10][11] Scientific research shows that children with autism can get better when pathogenic bacterias are removed from their body. Significant improvement was noted in autistic children after taking the antibiotic Vancomycin. This is very impressive when we consider that vancomycin only eliminates gram positive bacteria[]. Even better results would probably have occured if both gram negative and gram positive bacteria had been eliminated. Unfortunately, Antibiotics are only effective in eliminating the bacteria of children with autism for short periods of time, the bacteria quickly regrow. the improvements from the study with Vancomycin did not last because the bacterias returned[][].

Children with autism should avoid eating the kind of foods that bring bacterial overgrowth. This will prevent both gram negative and positive bacteria from multiplying and producing toxins that destroy the gut and brains of children. ---

There is no evidence of disability in the child's physical appearance - many children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder are very attractive in appearance.

http://www.adhd.com.au/Autism.htm

For years, autism was considered a psychological or neurolotgical condition only. Children with autism seemd to be physically no different from ordianry children.

However, hiddden physical differences are being discovered. Major fifferences are found between the gut flora of emerging.

The inability to digest disaccharides and polysaccharides creates an excess of undigested food. This will provide lots of nourishment for bacteria and lead to bacterial overgrowth (see section above).

An excess of undigested carbohydrates in the gut not only increases the amount of bacteria but can also change the kind of the bacteria that will live in the gut. A research study found the excess carbs leads to decreasing gram positive bacteria and increasing bacteroides and other gram negative bacteria.(There are two kinds of bacteria gram negative and gram positive ones.)

Both an increase in bacteroides and an increase of gram negative bacteria are risk factors for developing the symptoms of autism. One of the symptoms of ASD is a high amount of bacteroids in the gut. especially bacteroides vulgatus.

Bacteroides vulgatus are present in significantly higher numbers in the bodies of severely autistic children than in healthy children.[] Some studies have implicated B. vulgatus in the development of colitis.[] An increase in gram negative bacteria may also be a risk factor. Gram negative bacteria contain a toxin called endotoxin[2]. Endotoxin has another name: Lypopolysaccharide or LPS[2]

A researcher in Italy  found that autistic men had significantly more LPS in their blood than healthy men. Moreover, it was found that the men who had the highest level of LPS were the most socially impaired. [6]

The inability to digest disaccharides and polysaccharides creates an excess of undigested food. This will provide lots of nourishment for bacteria and lead to bacterial overgrowth (see section above).

An excess of undigested carbohydrates in the gut not only increases the amount of bacteria but can also change the kind of the bacteria that will live in the gut. A research study found the excess carbs leads to decreasing gram positive bacteria and increasing bacteroides and other gram negative bacteria.(There are two kinds of bacteria gram negative and gram positive ones.)

Both an increase in bacteroides and an increase of gram negative bacteria are risk factors for developing the symptoms of autism. One of the symptoms of ASD is a high amount of bacteroids in the gut. especially bacteroides vulgatus.

Bacteroides vulgatus are present in significantly higher numbers in the bodies of severely autistic children than in healthy children.[] Some studies have implicated B. vulgatus in the development of colitis.[] An increase in gram negative bacteria may also be a risk factor for both digestive[] and neurological problems. Gram negative bacteria contain a toxin called endotoxin[2]. Endotoxin has another name: Lypopolysaccharide or LPS[2]

LPS induces in mice a autistic like syndrome, characterized by body weight loss, reduced locomotor, exploratory, and social behavior. This result has been replicated so many times by different research studies that the names, "Sickness Behavior" and "Endotoxemia" are now applied to this condition. [3][4][5]

LPS also produces damage in the amygdala[7], the hippo-campus [8]and the white matter.[9] These parts of the brain are impaired in autism.[10][11] Scientific research shows that children with autism can get better when pathogenic bacterias are removed with antibiotics. Significant improvement was noted in these children after taking the antibiotic vancomycin. This is very impressive when we consider that vancomycin only eliminates gram positive bacteria. Even better results would have occured if both gram negative and gram positive bacteria had been eliminated. Unfortunately, Antibiotics are only effective in eliminating the bacteria of children with autism for short periods of time, the bacteria quickly regrow. the improvements from antibiotic did not last because the bacterias returned[][].

Children with autism should avoid eating the kind of foods that bring bacterial overgrowth. This will prevent

It is safer to give a child a diet that resduces the amount of

Gram positive bacteria may also hurt the brains of autistic children.

Eleven children with regressive-onset autism were recruited for an intervention trial using vancomycin, an oral antibiotic that targets gram positive bacteria. Significant improvement was noted in these children after taking the antibiotic. However these improvements did not last because the bacterias returned[][]. Antibiotics are only effective in eliminating the bacteria of children with autism for short periods of time, the bacteria quickly regrow.

Several studies demonstrate significant alterations in the upper and lower intestinal flora of children with autism[2][]. Eliminating the destructive bacteria should be the first priority in the war against autism.

The inability to digest disaccharides and polysaccharides creates an excess of undigested food. This will provide lots of nouri Sandler RH, Finegold SM, Bolte ER, Buchanan CP, Maxwell AP, Väisänen ML, Nelson MN, Wexler HM. Short-term benefit from oral vancomycin treatment of regressive-onset autism.J Child Neurol. 2000 Jul;15(7):429-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10921511

Finegold SM, Dowd SE, Gontcharova V, Liu C, Henley KE, Wolcott RD, Youn E, Summanen PH, Granpeesheh D, Dixon D, Liu M, Molitoris DR, Green JA 3rd.

Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children.

Anaerobe. 2010 Jul 9.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20603222

Parracho HM, Bingham MO, Gibson GR, McCartney AL. Differences between the gut microflora of children with autistic spectrum disorders and that of healthy children. Med Microbiol. 2005 Oct;54(Pt 10):987-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16157555