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Introduction
Throughout history, the enduring belief in ghosts has persisted. In Thailand, despite the widespread adoption of Buddhism and Brahmanism, the original beliefs have not been entirely relinquished, giving rise to the development of animism. The people in this region seamlessly integrate spirits, Brahmins, and Buddhism into their way of life, forming an inseparable connection with Thai society. While some newer generations perceive it as a matter of ignorance, others coin terms like Mutelu or Pai Mu, referring to participation in animist rituals. These rituals persist, interwoven with religious practices.

Purpose of Offering
The key distinction lies in the intention behind the offerings: in Buddhism, offerings are a form of devotion and merit-making to progress spiritually, while in animism, offerings are made to appease spirits and maintain balance in the natural and spiritual realms.

Types of Offering
Offerings can be categorized into material and non-material offerings. Material offerings symbolizing devotion and gratitude to the the Buddha or spirit. On the other hand, non-material offerings focus on internal offerings for mental development.

Natural Places of Offering
In Thailand, animism involves offering respect to various natural elements like trees and insects. Thai animist practices include honoring sacred trees and insects nest by tying ribbons around them, offering incense, food, and drink to the spirits residing in them

Trees
Since Ta-khian trees are tall, massive trees that naturally occur in forests rather than close to inhabited areas and can live for centuries, Nang Ta-khian is typically associated with sylvan spirits. It is usually planted away from homesteads due to its large trunk and extensive root system.

Insects Nest
Insects nest, such as termite nests are considered a natural place for offerings in the context of animism. Thai locals, influenced by animistic beliefs, lay offerings at termite nests, which are seen as sacred sites as a place for spirits.

Man - made Places of Offering
The animism beliefs in Thailand are deeply intertwined with Buddhism, with the practice of spirit worship being a significant aspect of Thai culture. One prominent feature of this belief system is the presence of a place for spirit. These serve as shelters for spirits that would otherwise reside in natural surroundings like caves, trees, or waterfalls. Also to provide a place for spirits to dwell and receive offerings from people.

Spirit house
In Thailand and some other Southeast asia, including Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines, spirit houses are shrines dedicated to the guardian spirits of particular places. Small roofed structures are typically affixed to pillars or dais, and their dimensions can vary from small platforms to spacious houses that can accommodate people. Spirit houses are designed to house spirits that might cause trouble for humans. Images or carved statues of people and animals are frequently included in them. To appease the spirits, people leave votive offerings there; more ornate installations may include an altar for this purpose.

Material Offering
Material offerings in Thailand hold significant cultural and spiritual importance. In traditional Thai culture, believers make offerings of food or gifts as a gesture of thanks or respect. These offerings vary based on financial status, religion, and culture, with people giving what they can afford, from luxurious items to simple offerings.

Incense
In Buddhism, the fragrance's strong scent symbolizes the lasting positive impact of moral actions. The smoke, on the other hand, represents the illusory nature of everything, reminding us that our minds and the world around us are veiled, preventing us from seeing their true essence.

Flowers
In Thai offerings, flowers play a big role. They are chosen for their beauty, innocence, and luck. This includes attractive flowers like white lotus and jasmine, flowers with calming colors like green, blue, and violet, and even flowers with auspicious names like "Puttaraksa" (meaning "protected by Buddha") and "Ban Mai Roo Roi" (meaning "forever blooming" in Thai). Interestingly, flowers that symbolize good qualities are also used, like eggplant flowers that droop downwards, representing humility and modesty, which are valued traits in Thai culture and Buddhism.

Food
Food offering holds significant cultural and spiritual importance. It is a practice deeply rooted in Thai traditions and beliefs, particularly in Buddhism. The act of offering food, known as "alms giving," is a way for Thai Buddhists to support monks who study and practice the Buddha's teachings by providing them with sustenance. They are also seen as a means of making merit, known as "tam boon." By offering the best food available, such as rice, curries, fruits, and other dishes, Thai people show respect and gratitude to the monks for their dedication to the Buddha's teachings.

Lighting
Light is provided by candles. The teachings of the Buddha, or Dharma, are reflected in this giving. One of the earliest offerings in Thai culture are candles. Candles were once made with cotton string and natural wax. Occasionally, they are expertly carved to express the deepest gratitude and faith in the religion. Similar to other elaborately decorated objects, candles used as offerings can take on various forms based on the creativity of the creator. They can be quite basic, shaped as vertical or horizontal candle bundles, each tied with vibrant papers or string.

Zebra Sculpture
The flower garlands that are placed at shrines and spirit houses all over Thailand are another explanation for the zebra population. These are known as "phuang maa lai" in Thai, which is shortened to "maa lai." Zebras are called "ma lai" in Thai, which is a play on words that may help to explain why they are now a common offering at some shrines. Zebras might make sense as a good offering to appease the spirits, especially when combined with the belief that some spirits are thought to be fond of exotic animals. For whatever reason, the zebras are a visually striking addition to the variety of figurines found at many Thai shrines.

Other Animal Sculpture
The animal sculptures in shrines in Thailand hold cultural significance and symbolism. In Thai culture, various animals are represented in these sculptures, each carrying unique meanings. Roosters and chickens, for example, are commonly found in Thai temples and are believed to bring good luck, prosperity, and protection against misfortune and demons.

The animals symbolize attributes like consistency, honesty, masculinity, strength, femininity, motherhood, comfort, and abundance within Thai beliefs and Chinese mythology, which has influenced Thai culture.

Intersection to Buddhism
In Buddhism, non-material offerings play a significant role alongside material offerings. These non-material offerings, also known as practice offerings, focus on internal development and mental cultivation rather than physical objects. The Buddha emphasized the importance of these offerings as a way to honor and respect the teachings. Practice offerings involve actions such as living in accordance with the Dhamma, upholding ethical conduct, engaging in meditation, and cultivating the mind. By practicing these internal offerings, individuals not only show reverence to the Buddha but also progress on the path towards enlightenment. The Buddha regarded practice offerings as the best way to honor him, emphasizing the importance of mental development and living in alignment with the Dhamma.

Animism
Unlike traditional offerings like food or money, which are common in many religions, Thai animism focuses on non-material gestures. These offerings can include acts of respect, mindfulness, and reverence towards spirits and deities. In Thai culture, these non-material offerings may involve rituals, prayers, meditation, or simply showing respect and gratitude towards the spiritual realm without tangible items. This unique aspect of Thai animism highlights the importance of spiritual connection and mindfulness in daily life.