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Battery Chemistry
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The chemistry of classic batteries (Alkaline / Carbon-Zinc) had 1.5 volts, high energy density, low rate of self discharge, and low to moderate surge power rates.

Some chemistries are unsuitable for some applications

For instance a NiMH battery is unsuitable for a remote control because it's high rate of self discharge will deplete it in just a few months.

NiCd batteries are still used extensively in power tools and remote control vehicles, because of their high surge rate, and ability to deep discharge.

The terminal voltage of a battery depends on the chemicals it uses. For example, primary (non-rechargable) alkaline batteries have a nominal voltage of 1.5 Volts representing one individual electrochemical cell. Rechargeable NiCd (Nickel Cadmium) and NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride) typically output 1.25 Volts per cell. Devices intended for use with pirmary batteries may not operate properly with these cells, given the 16% reduction in voltage.

The battery designation in some cases also identifies the not only the size, shape and terminal layout of the battery but also the voltage and chemistry. For example, a CR123 battery is always LiMnO2 ('Lithium') chemistry, in addition to its unique size.

The follow tables give the common battery chemistries for the current common sizes of batteries. See Battery Chemistries for a list.

Older batteries were mostly based on primary (non-rechargable) alkaline chemistries, with a nominal voltage of 1.5 Volts representing one individual electrochemical cell. Rechargeable NiCd (Nickel Cadmium) and NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride) have strained the older naming conventions because both typically output 1.25 Volts per cell. Some devices may not operate properly with these cells, given the 16% reduction in voltage, but most modern devices handle them well.

New common, but specialized, batteries have also altered older naming conventions by refering not only to the size, shape and terminal layout of the battery but also the voltage and chemistry. For example, a CR123 battery is always LiMnO2 ('Lithium') chemistry, in addition to it's unique size.

The follow tables give the common battery chemistries for the current common 'sizes' of batteries. See Battery Chemistries for a more obscure and complete list.

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Chemistries
(Alkaline) (Carbon–Zinc) (LiFeS2) (Lithium) (Silver-Oxide) (NiCd) (NiMH) (Li-Ion) (Li-Poly)