User:Gmousalimas/sandbox

Area
Greece (Athens, Leros)

Syria

Iraq

Turkey

* Economy, political unrest, social conditions

Chosen article: Asylum in the European Union

Sector
Refugee Crisis

Education

Psychological Trauma & Support

Gender Roles (Women, also: Children, LGBT)

Chosen article: Refugee camp

Area: European migrant crisis
I plan to work on the "Background to the crisis in Greece and Italy" subsection of this article. When I read through it, I was surprised to find little information that was actually relevant to Greece. It mostly discusses Libya's involvement with reference to Italy. This section is very brief and hardly developed, which will provide me with a lot of room for editing. I see this as an opportunity to research and learn about Greece's history behind the migrant crisis and how Greece has come to play a large role in our current situation. There is also a different subsection of this article entitled "Greece" where statistics specific to migration into Greece specifically exist. I am wary of statistics of this magnitude, as it is hard to accurately document the precise number of migrants, especially when many are illegal. However, the citations for these statistics seem trustworthy, so I will assume they are good estimates. Additionally, each statistic in this subsection does have a link to a cited page. No statistics (in this short section) are left un-cited. In terms of what I could personally add to this section, I am thinking of adding Leros-specific information, as that is where I will be volunteering.

In terms of viewpoints, the article is quite neutral, as it is mostly fact-based. However, there is no viewpoint coming from the refugee's side of this crisis. I am sure this is because it would be hard to add this viewpoint without introducing any bias, but it is worth looking into. Under the heading "Reactions", there are two sections--EU and International. There is not a section in regards to the refugee's reactions or responses.

On the article's talk page, there is conflict/concern behind the wording "migrant", which suggests a voluntary move, as opposed to "refugee", which refers to one who left due to harsh/unlivable conditions. There is also talk of "European refugee crisis" being its own page--apart from "European migrant crisis". Perhaps adding a section defining each term and discussing the difference between the two would be useful for interpretation reasons.

I am unsure of the article's rating.

Sector: Refugee camp
This page definitely seems to be lacking critical information. There is a list of camp names, and right off the bat I can see that there are missing camps (of the ones I am aware of in Greece). This is a great opportunity to research and add more information. What I am interested in adding to this page is a section in regards to the educational/scholarship aspects of refugee camps. I believe that people are not completely aware that camps offer more than just a temporary shelter and hygienic items. Camps and shelters for refugees typically incorporate activities and educational opportunities into their daily schedule. In fact, some camps focus on involving refugees in educational and scholarly activities. Because my volunteer org focuses on this, writing and editing this section will likely be a fruitful opportunity.

Like my area article, there are many statistics--well cited here, too--included.

Very little information/discussion on the talk page.

Unsure of rating. (Where do I find this?)

Area
I mistakenly thought I was limited to researching historical background of an area. I would like to redirect my focus of edits on my area article, and work on a section regarding the legality behind a refugee making his/her home in a new country. I think this is necessary context for me to have before arriving in Greece. I plan to dissect the migration process, and discuss the legal obstacles refugees must face, subsequently following the physical obstacles of their migration. Within this, I'd like to include hospitality issues with the host country (Greece), and the current situation between locals - refugees. I think these two topics are related because the legal framework and refugee's legal status in Greece are surely affected greatly by how they are perceived and treated by locals.

* Legality & process of asylum seeking --> under the main article: Refugee law --> add section entitled E.U. refugee law --> add subsection Greek refugee law

*** Final: found the Wiki page Asylum in the European Union --> Use this as main Area article

Sector
My previous plan to add an education/scholarship section in the article Refugee camp still remains. No drastic changes here.

* Education in refugee camps

Area
'''1. Maria Stavropoulou. "Refugee Law in Greece". International Journal of Refugee Law, Volume 6, Issue 1, 1 January 1994, Pages 53–62.'''

This author provides a timeline of Greek law regarding refugees seeking asylum. Although a country with a relatively high tolerance for migrants and refugee arrivals, Greece was not always as lenient--Stavropoulou provides a discourse of the historical background of Greek-specific laws affecting refugees (up to the mid 1990s).

From this article, I will draw historical context from the legislation and implementation of these laws. This will be helpful in citing information regarding the "then" in a "then and now" look into past and current refugee laws.

'''2. Timothy J. Hatton, Wolfram F. Richter and Riccardo Faini. "Seeking Asylum in Europe". Vol. 19, No. 38 (Apr., 2004), pp. 5-62.'''

These authors offer a look into the political (but not economic) ramifications that the migrant crisis has had on the EU. They provide information on the progression and evolution of the flow of migration into different European countries. These authors discuss the impact that war and conflict has had on refugee and migrant policies.

This article will give me broader context behind the legal and political issues that have stemmed from the migrant crisis in the EU. While my specific focus is on Greece, I can pull facts from this article regarding EU laws, which will be helpful to include in my work in order to provide a more general context of EU laws vs. laws specific to Greece.

'''3. Katia Bianchini. "A Comparative Analysis of Statelessness Determination Procedures in 10 EU States". International Journal of Refugee Law, Volume 29, Issue 1, 1 March 2017, Pages 42–83.'''

Bianchini offers a comprehensive analysis of a refugee’s legal standing in the EU. She identifies them as “stateless”, according to the definition from the 1954 Convention for the status of stateless persons.

This analysis provides me with a backing for the terms I will use in my writing, in the interest of being politically and legally correct. There has been conflict on my area article’s talk page regarding the terms and definitions being loosely and inconsistently used to identify refugees. I will be able to cite this article when making references so as to provide support to my chosen terms, to avoid conflict. Additionally, I can also pull facts about the EU’s legal environment for refugees.

'''4. Eugene Quinn. "The Refugee and Migrant Crisis: Europe's Challenge" Vol. 105, No. 419, EUROPE IN CRISIS (Autumn 2016), pp. 275-285.'''

This article details the conditions of duress that force refugees out of their homes and countries, as well as the political and economic states of their homelands that require their departures. However, once refugees have fled to a host country, their challenges are not nearly overcome. They must then face the new political, legal, economic, and hospitality issues of their host country. This article dissects these challenges and offers a view of the political turmoil in Europe.

I can incorporate this information when framing the refugee’s perspective (in an objective way, of course) in my work. I think this is necessary for proper understanding of this crisis, especially because I have noticed a need for this context during my article evaluations.

'''5. Patricia Owens. "'Bare Life'?: Against Agamben on Refugees". January 5, 2010. Volume: 23 issue: 4, page(s): 567-582.'''

* Can't access full article right now-- come back to this

'''6. Law Library of Congress. "Refugee Law and Policy: European Union". Law Library of Congress, June 2016.'''

This online journal breaks down the process of a refugee seeking asylum. There are facts and statistics that I can use when explaining the current situation in the EU and in Greece.

'''7. Eurostat. "Asylum statistics". Eurostat: Statistics Explained, January 12, 2018.'''

Very useful statistics.

'''8. Daniele Joly. "Haven or Hell? Asylum Policies and Refugees in Europe". MacMillan Press LTD, 1996.'''

* Definitely use this as one of main sources when finalizing.

Sector
'''1. Demetrios Moris, et. al. “Refugee crisis in Greece: the forthcoming higher education challenge”. Annals of Translation Medicine, 2017 Aug 5 (15):317.'''

This article describes the challenges around educating refugees, but also identifies this as a challenge worth overcoming due to the dire need of education. The oldest higher education institute in Greece, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUoA), has set forth initiatives to educate young refugees. They have granted scholarships to some, and encourage participation in university academics.

This is an important article for my work on Refugee camp, Education. I can pull facts and cite NKUoA’s initiatives for refugee education, as my point in adding this section of this article is to educate the public on the educational initiatives that exist for refugees.

'''2. Tony Waters, Kim LeBlanc. “Refugees and Education: Mass Public Schooling without a Nation-State”. The University of Chicago Press Journals: Comparative Education Review 2005 49:2, 129-147.'''

This article similarly identifies educational programs for refugees as a necessity. Public education is widely agreed upon as the key to our future. However, the scope of education is limited by who “our” refers to in regards to citizenship. Refugees are limited by their stateless status upon arrival into their host countries.

This article is useful for my refugee camp + education section, as it provides me with a citation for the information I plan to include. As we have learned in our Wiki tutorials, everything written must have a scholarly backing, so I will be able to cite this source when writing about the challenges and need for education in refugee camps.

3. '''Nitin Sawhney. “Voices beyond walls: the role of digital storytelling for empowering marginalized youth in refugee camps”. ACM Digital Library: June 2009.'''

The efficacy of education is largely dependent on the empowerment of those who are being taught. Educational programs are necessary but may be ineffective if being taught to a group of students whose self-esteem and interest are lacking. This article discusses this issue, and calls for the need for the empowerment of youth before education can happen. The authors cite examples in Palestinian refugee camps of educational programs (ex: Voices Beyond Walls) for marginalized youth.

This article provides me with concrete examples that I could cite (and perhaps include links to) in my own article section. I am going to work on the education in refugee camps sector, so this article’s example of educational programs in Palestinian refugee camps offers me material to include and cite.

4. '''Jackie Kirk. Girls' Education in the 21st Century: Addressing Gender Disparities in Education in Contexts of Crisis, Post-Crisis, and State Fragility. World Bank Publications (August 12, 2008), pages 153-176.'''

This book discusses girls' education in general, but Kirk's Chapter 10 of this book details education in areas of crisis. She details the challenges that come with educating youth who live in unstable environments, but also suggests that this offers an immense opportunity for improvement.

I will be able to pull from her writing when synthesizing my article, as she offers information on gender inequalities in an educational setting--specifically how crises increase these challenges for young students (see page 163 of book for useful quotes/statistics).

5. Jackie Kirk, Rebecca Winthrop. "'''Promoting Quality Education in Refugee Contexts: Supporting Teacher Development in northern Ethiopia". International Rescue Committee: 2007.'''

The first part of this article analyses an educational program in an Ethiopian refugee camp. In the section of the article entitled "The Bigger Picture: Promoting Quality in Education in Emergencies, Chronic Crises and Early Reconstruction", the authors connect the studies to refugee camps at large. They also provide me with a reliable source to cite when describing the educational setting in a camp, and the dire need for education amongst these children.

'''6. Global Public Health. "Health Status of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Europe". Oxford Research Encyclopedias, November 2017. '''

Area
Asylum in the European Union

Editing the article's lead
I don't find this lead to include the most relevant, pertinent information that it could. The article is very heavily focused on historical events and conferences that serve as the foundation of asylum seeking, but there is so much chronologically-relevant information that is lacking from this article.

Add: These laws are in place to prohibit European Union Member States from sending a person back to where they are at risk of persecution, and to offer international protection to those who are granted refugee status through the course of the law.

The CEAS laws were further and most recently updated between the years 2011 to 2014. Currently, the refugee crisis in Europe is guided by these laws. *THEN* add the sentence already existing about how each EU Member State can make more specific laws up to their own discretion.

KEY: regular font = original Wiki, bolded font = my edits, italicized font = my additions

Asylum in the European Union (EU) has its roots in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, an agreement founded on Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Following the adoption of the Schengen Agreement on the elimination of internal border controls of signatory states and its subsequent incorporation into the EU legislative framework by the Amsterdam Treaty, the EU set up a Common European Asylum System (CEAS) to unify minimum standards related to asylum, leaving up to EU Member States the discretion to establish procedures for obtaining and withdrawing international protection.

ADD: Refugee vs. Migrant
I want to add a brief section that highlights and explains the existing confusion behind the distinction between the definitions "refugee" and "migrant".

However, this section would be very useful in numerous articles (European migrant crisis, Refugee, Migrant, Refugee law, and more). It would make more sense to add this section to "European migrant crisis", as this was an area of discussion on this article's talk page, but I am working on "Refugee laws in the EU". I know I can add a referral link from one article to the other, but I find this topic to be critical information for the readers of multiple articles to understand, and I fear that an external link will deter readers from finding this information. Is it impractical or looked down upon (in terms of properly adding to Wikipedia) to add this same section into multiple articles, though?

It is important to be aware of the distinction that exists between the definitions of a "refugee" and of a "migrant". These terms are not interchangeable or synonymous, although they are commonly used as such. A refugee and a migrant have their own, respective social, economic, conditional, and legal implications.

* Find a reliable and acceptable source that breaks these definitions down, in order to cite*

Start with: Noting the difference between

It is important to note the differences between certain terms that are improperly used synonymously. For the purposes of this page, the most relevant terms to be familiar with are "refugee" "asylum seeker" "migrant" and "entrant".

A refugee is

A migrant is

An entrant is

The term "asylum seeker" can apply to individuals within any of the above categories. Asylum seekers are all those who have not yet been granted a legal status.

For more specific details and legal definitions, see the links attached to each word.

Outsourcing asylum
Second sentence is too wordy: Edit it to say: With this process, asylum seekers are redirected and relocated to places on the borders of the EU, or in countries that are outside of the EU from which asylum seekers originate or pass through. In 2003, these policies resulted in a proliferation of exile camps in and around the EU. This subsequently added pressure on neighboring countries to develop systems that consider applications for asylum in their territories, as well as adding... (leave rest of sentence as is).

** KEEP ORIGINAL CITATIONS

Asylum shopping
Not very relevant to my work, but this section leaves me wondering if asylum shoppers are typically able to exercise this desire, or are they sort of forced to "take what they can get"? --> look into this and add answer to this Q

Differences between Member States
As I am only focusing on Greece, leave this info as is, and don't worry about researching other Member States' laws.

ADD: Breaking down the process

 * Lay out the process of asylum seeking: immediate arrival, what they need to do to obtain registration, how long this process takes, what this registration entitles them to (and what it doesn't)
 * Refugees entering Europe are subject to follow the laws in place by the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). These laws were reformed between 2011 and 2014, and have not since been updated due to the current state of the refugee crisis . The crisis is of an emergency state, so the main priority has been exercising asylum laws, rather than the reformation of them. These laws are in place to prohibit European Union Member States from sending an individual back to where they are at risk of persecution, and to offer international protection to those who are granted refugee status through the course of the law. Upon arrival in an EU Member State, individuals and families seeking refugee status are subjected to a comprehensive assessment of their life in their country of origin. The CEAS is tasked with assessing if an individual is truly eligible for refugee status, or if, for example, they are an economic migrant. If, through this process (LINK THE WORD "process" with the detailed section below: Breaking down the process), an individual is deemed a refugee, they are subsequently granted international protection. For this status and protection to be granted, the potential danger and harm that could follow suit after a person's return to one's country of origin must be established. If Member States do not find this to be true of an individual's conditions, they are mandated under the CEAS to return said individual to the country he/she originated, as they have therefore been deemed an "illegal economic migrant". However, due to the lack of paperwork or documentation, it is often difficult for EU Member States to actually execute this mandate, and some "illegal economic migrants" manage to continue their journey through the EU after successful evasion.
 * In addition to the CEAS, EU Member States are also subjected to follow and comply with the Court of Justice of the European Union, as well as the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Because of the many strict guidelines, EU Member States can run into legal issues with the structuring of their own asylum seeking process. For example, the ECHR found Greece to be in violation of their asylum system, and consequently forbade other EU Member States to send unauthorized entrants back to Greece, in the case that Greece had been their first EU Member State of arrival. This was done under the Dublin Regulation, which is a law within the EU that places accountability for an entrant on the EU Member State that one first arrives. A main critique of this system is the stress and burden that is subsequently placed on the Member State of first arrival, which then must handle its entrants on its own accord. Considering the emergency state that surrounded the refugee crisis in the years between 2014-2017, this additional burden on Member States has caused additional problems, specifically in the processing of the entrants.
 * Steps:
 * Arrive at border --> 1. Registration 2. Finger printing 3. The Dublin Regulation 4. Personal Interview 5. Medical Examination
 * During this time, they have the right to remain inside the EU Member State (see citation 6 for more info on their immediate rights)
 * Requirements/Qualifications before asylum can be granted
 * What is offered to refugees once granted asylum --> healthcare, education, job opportunities
 * *Find that statistic on how few asylum seekers are actually granted citizenship*
 * International protection laws
 * Current EU laws/current Greek laws --> how do they compare?
 * Greek refugee laws were considered to be unfit in relation to the CEAS. However, after becoming a point of mass arrivals, Greece has become a focus in the EU's participation in aiding the refugee crisis.
 * Employment eligibility
 * Education system eligibility (children)
 * Add: see also: European migrant crisis, Refugee, Refugee law
 * Side note, I just found this other Wiki page that (in my opinion) is unnecessary to exist as its own page. It could easily be merged with this page that I am working on, as its own section. <-- ask our Wiki helpers about this

Also ADD: Section on EU Statistics

 * This age distribution of asylum applicants was common in almost all of the EU Member States, with the largest share of applicants usually being those aged 18–34.

Sector
Refugee camp

Hostile environment: wars, etc. do not leave room for cultivation of a person's educational background. Upon their arrival and subsequent period of wait time while their registration is being reviewed and potentially processed, refugees spend an extended period of time in refugee camps. However, in general, NGOs that run/assist these camps make sure to help alleviate refugees' daily struggles, but also they offer educational courses and activities to stimulate a learning environment for children and adults alike. Add section: Health Education, Health Literacy
 * Types of activities
 * Education does not stop in the classroom --> crafts, sports, etc.

Global Public Health. "Health Status of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Europe". Oxford Research Encyclopedias, November 2017.

Refugees are at risk of becoming unhealthy. Travel and substandard conditions negatively impact their health statuses. Increased contact with germs/bacteria. Limited to no access to healthcare..

Mental distress --> find information on psychological support available to refugees

Find studies and literature on educational efforts for refugees.

Much more studies/efforts towards health education/health literacy in US than there are in Europe

*** Upon arrival and asylum seeking registration, refugees are entitled (by EU member states) to applications for children to enter the education system.

Plan
The new structure of this article that Ahaana and I hope to achieve:

Bolded titles are my assigned parts of our collaboration:


 * Major Health Concerns
 * Non-Communicable Diseases
 * Diabetes
 * Anemia
 * Cardiovascular Disease
 * Malnutrition
 * Communicable Diseases
 * Tuberculosis
 * Infectious Hepatitis
 * HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections
 * Women's Health
 * Mental Health
 * Parasitic Infections
 * Interventions
 * Hygiene and Sanitation
 * Health Literacy
 * Social Support

Synthesis

 * Communicable Diseases
 * Tuberculosis
 * Infectious Hepatitis
 * HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections
 * Women's Health
 * Mental Health
 * Parasitic Infections

Scholarly Sources
1. Maria Stavropoulou. "Refugee Law in Greece". International Journal of Refugee Law, Volume 6, Issue 1, 1 January 1994, Pages 53–62.

This author provides a timeline of Greek law regarding refugees seeking asylum. Although a country with a relatively high tolerance for migrants and refugee arrivals, Greece was not always as lenient--Stavropoulou provides a discourse of the historical background of Greek-specific laws affecting refugees (up to the mid 1990s).

From this article, I will draw historical context from the legislation and implementation of these laws. This will be helpful in citing information regarding the "then" in a "then and now" look into past and current refugee laws.

2. Timothy J. Hatton, Wolfram F. Richter and Riccardo Faini. "Seeking Asylum in Europe". Vol. 19, No. 38 (Apr., 2004), pp. 5-62.

These authors offer a look into the political (but not economic) ramifications that the migrant crisis has had on the EU. They provide information on the progression and evolution of the flow of migration into different European countries. These authors discuss the impact that war and conflict has had on refugee and migrant policies.

This article will give me broader context behind the legal and political issues that have stemmed from the migrant crisis in the EU. While my specific focus is on Greece, I can pull facts from this article regarding EU laws, which will be helpful to include in my work in order to provide a more general context of EU laws vs. laws specific to Greece.

3. Katia Bianchini. "A Comparative Analysis of Statelessness Determination Procedures in 10 EU States". International Journal of Refugee Law, Volume 29, Issue 1, 1 March 2017, Pages 42–83.

Bianchini offers a comprehensive analysis of a refugee’s legal standing in the EU. She identifies them as “stateless”, according to the definition from the 1954 Convention for the status of stateless persons.

This analysis provides me with a backing for the terms I will use in my writing, in the interest of being politically and legally correct. There has been conflict on my area article’s talk page regarding the terms and definitions being loosely and inconsistently used to identify refugees. I will be able to cite this article when making references so as to provide support to my chosen terms, to avoid conflict. Additionally, I can also pull facts about the EU’s legal environment for refugees.

4. Eugene Quinn. "The Refugee and Migrant Crisis: Europe's Challenge" Vol. 105, No. 419, EUROPE IN CRISIS (Autumn 2016), pp. 275-285.

This article details the conditions of duress that force refugees out of their homes and countries, as well as the political and economic states of their homelands that require their departures. However, once refugees have fled to a host country, their challenges are not nearly overcome. They must then face the new political, legal, economic, and hospitality issues of their host country. This article dissects these challenges and offers a view of the political turmoil in Europe.

I can incorporate this information when framing the refugee’s perspective (in an objective way, of course) in my work. I think this is necessary for proper understanding of this crisis, especially because I have noticed a need for this context during my article evaluations.

5. Daniele Joly. "Haven or Hell? Asylum Policies and Refugees in Europe". MacMillan Press LTD, 1996.

* Definitely use this as one of main sources when finalizing. This source is useful because it offers valuable facts in addition to offering a neutral look into differing opinions that form around the refugee crisis.

6. Robson, Laura. “The Refugee Regime.” States of Separation: Transfer, Partition, and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1st ed., University of California Press, Oakland, California, 2017, pp. 35–64. JSTOR.

7. Geddes, Andrew. The politics of migration and immigration to Europe.

8. European Council on Refugees and Exiles. "Untying the EU Resettlement Framework". ECRE Policy Note, 2016.

THIS IS THE BEST SOURCE I HAVE FOUND. This source exactly covers, in great detail, what I am summarizing in my Area page. This source offers a comprehensive review of the laws of 2016, and provides suggestions for improvements.

9. Patricia Owens. "'Bare Life'?: Against Agamben on Refugees". January 5, 2010. Volume: 23 issue: 4, page(s): 567-582.

Non-Scholarly Sources
1. Law Library of Congress. "Refugee Law and Policy: European Union". Law Library of Congress, June 2016.

This online journal breaks down the process of a refugee seeking asylum. There are facts and statistics that I can use when explaining the current situation in the EU and in Greece.

2. Eurostat. "Asylum statistics". Eurostat: Statistics Explained, January 12, 2018.

Very useful/relevant/reliable statistics.

Scholarly Sources
1. World Health Organization. "Tuberculosis Control in Refugee Situations: An Inter-Agency Field Manual". Global Tuberculosis Programme, WHO, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1997.

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Famine-Affected, Refugee, and Displaced Populations: Recommendations for Public Health Issues". CDC, 1992.

3. Sethi, Stephen, et al. Global Health: Science and Practice, Global Health: Science and Practice, 27 Sept. 2017, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5620345/.

4. Refugee Health Care: an Essential Medical Guide.

5. European Journal of Public Health, Volume 26, Issue 3, 1 June 2016, Pages 374–375, April 6, 2016.

6. Rousseau, Cecile. Department of Psychiatry, Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada. December 4, 2017.

Non-Scholarly Sources
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Communicable Diseases: Syrian Refugee Health Profile". CDC, January 10, 2017.

2. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis Profile. Reported data: from 2016-2017.

3. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis country profiles. Reported data: from 2016-2017.

4. Newman, Josie. "Menstrual Hygiene Management in Refugee Camps". The Boat People Blog, April 19, 2016.

Summarizing my contributions
Restructured and added bulk of Refugee health page. I added the sections: Communicable Diseases (TB, Infectious Hepatitis), Mental health, Women's health.

Consolidated and summarized history of refugee crisis in European migrant crisis. I added a summary under Refugee Crisis.

Consolidated and summarized asylum process in Asylum in the European Union. I added Relevant Law and Procedures.