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An adapter in regard to computing can be either a hardware component (device) or software that allows two or more incompatible device to be linked together for the purpose of transmitting and receiving (exchanging) data and information. Adapters have been used in different devices such as mobiles, laptops, personal computers, and satellites for a wide range of purposes. It is also used in industries such as telecommunications and computer industries for exchanging data and adopting them for receiver.

In modern personal computer, almost every peripheral device uses an adapter to communicate with system bus, for example:


 * Display adapter used to transmit signal to monitor.
 * Universal Serial Bus (USB) adapters for printers, keyboards and mice, among others.
 * Network adapter required to attach to any network.
 * Host bus adapter to connect hard disks or other storage.

A software component adapter is a type of software that is logically located between two software components and reconciles the differences between them.

In computer programming, the adapter design pattern (often referred to as the wrapper pattern or simply a wrapper) is a design pattern for adapting one interface of a class into another interface that a client expects.

Adapter
Adapter or (Adaptor) a.dop.tor (ə-dăp'tər) n., is a  device that is able to alter something in order to provide a compatible and suitable connection between two or more parts that are not inherently in sync.

Computing
Computing /kəmˈpyo͞odiNG/ n., relating to computers, work done by computers through processing information such as calculating numbers. . This terminology which is still in the course of development, is formed in the middle of 20th century.

History
Electronic digital computer is one of the fascinating and influential innovations of the 20th century. Michael Mahoney who was a historian of science wrote numerous articles about the history of computing. In 1948, the mathematical theory of communication article was published in the Bell System Technical Journal. Around the same time, changes were made to the signals to improve them for transmitting, which were defined as processing signals. Single chip digital signal processor which was one of the first digital signal processor was introduced in 1979. A-D (analog-to-digital) /D-A converters make communication between digital and analog systems possible.

Telecommunication
Like many industries, the telecommunication industry needs electrical devices such as adapters to transfer data across long distances. For example, analog telephone adapter (ATA) is used by telephone and cable companies. This device connects an analog telephone to a computer or network by connecting them to digital communication lines, which enables users to make a call via internet.

Computer
One of the major applications of the adapter is in the computer industry. Adapters can receive data, and by converting them, make them adaptable for another part of the computer, which is receivers. Some adapters are built in computer, while the others can be inserted on the computer's motherboard. There are many types of adapters. For example, wired and wireless network adapters in computers can enable computers to connect to the network.

Host Adapter
Main article: Host Adapter

Host adapter or host bus adapter (HBA) is a circuit board or a device which control the way peripheral devices access computers and enables computers to utilize them.

Adapter Card
Main article: Expansion card

Adapter card or expansion card is a circuit board which is plugged into the expansion bus in a computer to add function or resources. Common adopter cards include video cards, multimedia cards, I/O cards, communication cards.

Video Adapter
Main article: Video card

Video adapter, also known as video board, display adapter, graphics adapter, video card, video adapter card which convert data and generate the electrical signal to display text and graphics on monitor.

Bus Master Adapter
This adapter card that fits in EISA or MCA expansion slot in PC, is using bus mastering feature that can transfer data much faster than the old system through bypassing CPU and transfer data directly with other devices.

General Purpose Interface Adapter
General purpose interface adapter or GPIA is an adapter usually used to interface a processing unit to GPIB (IEEE 488) bus.

Monochrome Display Adapter
Main article: IBM Monochrome Display Adapter

Monochrome display adapter or MDA is a first text only video adapter which is used in early PC system versions, which enables the device to display characters in 25 lines and 80 columns in two colors.

Fax card, ax adapter, Fax board
Internal fax modem called fax board. By attaching this adapter card into an expansion board in the PC, transmitting and receiving fax data would be possible.

Computer Network Adapter
Main article: Network Interface controller

Network adapters connect a device to the network and enable computers to exchange data (transmitting and receiving data), and connect with other computers, servers or any networking device. Some network adapters consist of software and are called virtual adapters, on the other hand, most of them are pieces of computer hardware that exist in several types such as, wireless network adapter, USB network adapter, wireless game adapter, PCI or NIC. Hardware network adapters which are either wired or wireless can be installed on device’s motherboard in which it can connect the computer to the network. Wireless network adapter can have an antenna that is either hidden within the device or very obvious due to increase its potential.

USB network adapters come in both forms of wired USB adapters such as Linksys USB 3.0 Gigabit Ethernet Adapter, and Wireless USB network adapters. Wireless USB adapters or WIFI dongle that can connect a device with USB connection are: Linksys wireless-G USB Network adapter, and TP-Link AC 450 Wireless Nano USP Adapter, which can be installed without opening the computer. PCI network adapters that connect local peripheral hardware such as mouse, keyboard, and printer to a computer's central processing system are also available in both wired and wireless form.

Terminal Adapter
Main article: Terminal Adapter

Raspberry Pi
Main article: Raspberry Pi

Function
wireless adapter or wireless network adapter allows people to communicate with others by providing access to a wireless network. These adapters receive electronic signals from its binary electronic form and convert them into the electronic corresponding of data which is radio frequency signals for the purpose of transmitting it as radio frequency signals or data for computer processing.

Resource adapters
Resource adapters are used to retrieve and route data. They provide access to databases, files, messaging systems, enterprise applications and other data sources and targets. Each adapter includes a set of adapter commands that can be used to customize its operation. Adapter commands specify different queues and queue managers, specific messages by message ID, specific sets of messages with the same message ID, message descriptors in the data, and more.

Resource adapters answer the question "Where should have the data come from?" and "Where should the data go?".

The resource adapters provided with many integration products enable data transformation and adapter-specific behavior recognition on different systems and data structures.