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Citizenship of the Democratic Republic of Congo is regulated by the Congolese Civil Code and the Special Law on Congolese Nationality. Congolese citizenship can be acquired in three ways; by deriving citizenship from at lest one Congolese parent, through naturalization, or through marriage.

Citizenship by Descent
Children of at least one Congolese parent are automatically granted citizenship. This includes children from a foreign country who are adopted by at least one Congolese parent or children of Congolese parents who are born abroad.

Citizenship by Naturalization
The only requirement to acquire citizenship through naturalization, is to legally demonstrate physical residence in Congo for a minimum of five years.

Citizenship Through Marriage
Citizenship through marriage entails the official registration of a foreign individual who has been or is married to a Congolese citizen. The granting and approval of citizenship through marriage is only viable for heterosexual couples given that same-sex marriage is formally banned under Article 40 of Congo's constitution

Compared to other African countries, the acquisition of citizenship through marriage can be restrictive given that it must be approved by both the Council of Ministers and the National Assembly.

Dual Citizenship
The government of the Democratic Republic of Congo does not allow for dual citizenship. The only exception is applied when children born abroad are adopted by at least one Congolese parent. In this case they are able to remain dual citizens until they turn 21, they then have 12 months to renounce their foreign citizenship or have their Congolese citizenship revoked.

History
Citizenship in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has become an issue of contest among the native Congolese population and those of immigrant descent. There have been instances in which citizenship is denied to people of foreign descent who have lived in Congo for most of their lives. Similarly, there have also been instances where citizenship is denied to Congolese communities who relocated to other provinces within Congo.

Citizenship Denial to People of Rwandan Descent
Since approximately 1881, thousands of Rwandans, especially those of Tutsi descent, were brought into Congo by Belgian colonial forces to work in mines and plantations and a large number of them settled in the Kivu providence that neighbors Burundi and Rwanda. However, after achieving its independence in 1960, Congo's second president, Mobutu Sese Seko, struggled with state-building proceedings; specifically the issue of nationality stated in article 6 of the constitution of 1964. Under this constitution, Congolese citizenship is granted to all persons with tribal ancestry established on or before18th October, 1908, excluding ethnic groups that had migrated to Congo after this date - including refugees from Rwanda who had resided in Congo for most of their life.

In 1972, Barthelemy Bisengimana a Congolese Tutsi who served in the parliament as Mobutu's Director of the Bureau of the Presidency pursued a new nationality law that sough to grant citizenship to people from Burundi and Rwanda who had resided in Congo since 1950 as opposed to the original cutoff date in 1908. This law was later annulled by parliament in 1981. The denial of citizenship to immigrants from Rwanda who had moved to Congo after 1908 was especially criticized given that it would exclude all Rwandan refugees who fled from the 1994 Rwandan genocide against Tutsi people.

Citizenship Denial to Kasaians Residing in Katanga
People from the Kasai province in Congo have migrated to the Katanga province looking for employment opportunities since the booming of the mining industry in 1960. Kasaians were able to gain prominent wealth from this industry which sparked dissatisfaction from native Katangas. In 1958, native Katangan groups founded the Confederation of Tribal Associations of Katanga to advocate for the protection of Katanga's material wealth to be granted to Kanga's natives before anyone else.

From 1992 to 1994 in an effort to displace and strip Kasaians of their citizenship rights, Katanga groups displaced at least a million Kasainas from their homes in Katanga.

2004 Nationality Law
In 2004, Congolese parliament passed a new nationality that sought to draw clearer lines on citizenship. Under this new law, children born in Congo to non-Congolese parents can acquire citizenship if at least one parent belongs to any ethnic group that whose residence was recognized by the time Congo gain independence. This new law allowed for the inclusion of immigrant communities from Rwanda and Burundi especially but still leaves out parents who immigrated to Congo after 1960 and all refugees from the 1994 Rwanda genocide including children.