User:GracePhiri3750/Japanese common toad

Reproduction
The Japanese common toad is known for their intense male-male competition hence the type of breeding associated to this species is explosive breeding. The mating pattern of these toads is not conclusive but the major one is polyandry through amplexus. Preceding mating is courtship which is based on tacticle and visual senses. The release of sperms from males is a result of the luteinizing hormone increasing in production and this whole process is induced by amplexus as the males clasp to the females. The size of the males is actually vital in deciding which competitor pairs with the female. The bigger males can always replace the smaller ones especially because amplexus is involved and the eggs need to be fertilized to suit the female's preferences. This is know as size-assortative mating which leads to male-biased operational sex ratio and in turn highly affects the male-male competition. Population density and operarional sex ratio are the two factors that contribute to how the males will compete for mating female partners. If the population of males in a specific breeding area is high, females are left with no other options but to practice polyandry.

Migration to breeding ponds is important in Bufos japonicus and this process is tracked by the production levels of the oscillatory potential changes (OSC). OSC levels are highest during the breeding month when the toads have reached their breeding destinations. Other hormones like luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone also spiral up when the species reach the breeding site. In conclusion, the four processes that take place during the breeding season are migration, amplexing, ovulation in females or spermiation in males and hibernation.