User:Gracie15/Online Gender Based Violence/Bibliography

Suzor, N., Dragiewicz, M., Harris, B., Gillett, R., Burgess, J. and Van Geelen, T. (2019), Human Rights by Design: The Responsibilities of Social Media Platforms to Address Gender‐Based Violence Online. Policy & Internet, 11: 84-103.

This source is great because it specifically looks at the concept that they themselves outline as “Online Gender Based Violence”. It examines how online GBV is prevalent across all different types of internet intermediaries, the lack of action on the part of the private corporations who control the platforms where GBV takes place, and developing a human rights framework that should be enforced upon all these companies in order to combat GBV online. It defines online GBV as a human rights issue that should be addressed as such, rather than a random conflict between two or more internet users. This source does an amazing job of analyzing the concept of online GBV -- what it means, how it is different and similar to GBV, potential mechanisms to combat it, and mechanisms that companies are already using in order to address it. It is unbiased and relies on a lot of data and numbers to explain the problem and the concept of social media governance in general.

Fox, Jesse, et al. “Perpetuating Online Sexism Offline: Anonymity, Interactivity, and the Effects of Sexist Hashtags on Social Media.” Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 52, 2015, pp. 436–442., doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.024.

I really like this source because it looks at specific spaces in which gender based harassment and violence takes place on the internet. It examines Twitter as a mechanism to spread sexist and harmful ideology through hashtags that can quickly grow into viral phenoms. It also mentions how hashtags have also been used to draw attention to online sexism, such as #NotBuyingIt, which refers to the objectification of women in online advertising. This journal actually conducted a study to test the effects of anonymity and interactivity of both men and women on Twitter. This would be a helpful and legitimate study to reference on the Wikipedia page because of the data and findings that it could lend to the topic of online GBV.

Drakett, J., Rickett, B., Day, K., & Milnes, K. (2018). Old jokes, new media – Online sexism and constructions of gender in Internet memes. Feminism & Psychology, 28(1), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353517727560

This source is helpful because it takes this concept of online GBV and looks at it in a different way. It approaches it through the lens of humor and memes, and how what is thought of to be normal and funny online behavior is often just an example of symbolic violence. Sexism and misogyny, they claim, have manifested themselves in the normalized humor of the internet and should be examined in a way that challenges the role of online humor in constructing the power relations of the internet. It goes deeper to look specifically at internet memes, referencing multiple studies which look at the messages transmitted in popular memes.

Poland, Bailey. Haters: Harassment, Abuse, and Violence Online. Potomac Books, an Imprint of the University of Nebraska Press, 2016.

This is an entire book which looks at online GBV and harassment. The fact that it is an entire book makes it an ideal scholarly source because of how deeply it examines the many facets of online GBV. It extensively looks at the pervasiveness of misogyny online, the many different faces of online GBV and harassment, different ways to address cybersexism and why many of those ways have failed, current solutions that are being proposed, and potential solutions that may better combat it. This book does a good job of laying out the basic definitions which need to be understood in order to further study online GBV and harassment, outlining the different frameworks in which we can examine the problem, and then diving deeper into specific case studies such as GamerGate and specific social media platforms. I also really love this because it links in offline male dominance and power to online dominance, bringing a very sociomaterialist perspective to the topic.

Frenda, S., Ghanem, B., Montes-y-Gómez, M., Rosso, P., Pinto, D., & Singh, V. (2019). Online Hate Speech against Women: Automatic Identification of Misogyny and Sexism on Twitter. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 36(5), 4743.

I think this source is really useful because it really focuses on data and findings from legitimate studies to examine three key points: whether there is effective detection processes in place for online misogyny and sexism, the differences from a computational point of view between misogyny and sexism, and the ways in which the internet has been constructed to perpetuate hate speech against women. I think that the numbers and data from scholarly sources and legitimate organizations will be an important part of creating a new wikipedia page about online GBV that is unbiased and factually based. This is what I think this source does exceptionally well, and why I think it could be really useful for our own research purposes.

Barker, K., & Jurasz, O. (2019). ONLINE MISOGYNY: A CHALLENGE FOR DIGITAL FEMINISM? Journal of International Affairs, 72(2), 95-114. Retrieved March 6, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/26760834

This source is similar to the first source on this page because it looks specifically at the concept of online GBV. I really like it because not only does it use case studies and evidence to examine the rise of online GBV, but it then links that violence to the real world by looking at how it diminishes a woman’s ability to fully participate in both public and political life and ultimately a woman’s ability to express herself. They actually introduce a new term that I have yet to hear of: online violence against women in politics (OVAWP) which I think could be a really substantial subtopic for our wikipedia page. It points to specific examples of OVAWP in the 2017 UK General Election -- citing studies carried out by Amnesty International which examine this election specifically. It then goes into how the idea of self-regulation on behalf of the private corporations has failed because it looks at the problem of OVAWP and online GBV as one-dimensional.

Ramokobala, E. (2009). Girls and online safety: Keep your chats exactly that! Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, (79), 107-110. Retrieved March 6, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/27868953

This source is beneficial for the purposes of our research because it offers a different, more specific approach to sexism online. It looks at instant messaging platforms and the effects and influence of these platforms of young women because of the gender power relations which shape these platforms. I think it is useful because it references a study conducted by Women’sNet which focused on the use of social networks by young women. It gives data which we could potentially use that shows how, in this specific study, most of the young women experienced sexual harassment on the media platform and also how they were cautious and felt a lack of freedom when communicating with boys.

Bailey, J. (2015). A Perfect Storm: How the Online Environment, Social Norms, and Law Shape Girls’ Lives. In Bailey J. & Steeves V. (Eds.), EGirls, eCitizens: Putting Technology, Theory and Policy into Dialogue with Girls’ and Young Women’s Voices (pp. 21-54). University of Ottawa Press. Retrieved March 6, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt15nmj7f.5

I really like this course because it looks at how online GBV and harassment impact young women in ways that will carry with them for the rest of their lives. It also includes a section discussing the importance in women being involved in the policies and programming which affects them. It references interviews and focus groups done by the eGirls Project to look at the online experiences of young women and how policymakers should be looking at these kinds of research as they move forward in trying to govern the internet. I think that the research done which this journal looks at could be really helpful in creating our wikipedia page. I also like it because it looks at digital and technical framework as a key player in allowing for the spread of online GBV.

Suzor, N., Dragiewicz, M., Harris, B., Gillett, R., Burgess, J., & Van Geelen, T. (2019). Human rights by design: The responsibilities of social media platforms to address Gender‐Based violence online Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/poi3.185

I like this article because it talks about how GBV is a human rights violation. The entry highlights how GBV is linked to the desensitization/demoralization of women and thier rights/bodies. The article also discusses solutions to combat gender-based violence as well.