User:GrantMcdermo/sandbox

This is a rough draft for additions made to the Net Neutrality.

Dump Pipe Addition
Experts in the high-technology field will often compare these dumb pipe concept with intelligent networks –also known as smart pipes-- and debate which one is best applied to a certain portion of internet policy. These conversations usually refer to these two concepts as being analogous to the concepts of open and closed Internet respectively. As such, certain models have been made that aim to outline four layers of the Internet with the understanding of the dumb pipe theory:


 * Content Layer: Contains services such as communication as well as entertainment videos and music.
 * Applications Layer: Contains services such as e-mail and web browsers.
 * Logical Layer (Also called the Code Layer): Contains various Internet protocols such as TCP/IP and HTTP.
 * Physical Layer: Consists of the services that provide all others such as cable or wireless connections.

Discrimination by IP Address Addition
Aside from the zero-rating method, ISPs will also use certain strategies to reduce costs of pricing plans such as the use of sponsored data. In a scenario where a sponsored data plan is used, a third-party will step in and pay for all the content that it (or the carrier or consumer) does not want around. This is generally used as a way for ISP's to remove out-of-pocket costs from subscribers.

Favoring Private Networks Addition
One of the methods of favoring certain services over others is known as Border Gateway Protocol(BGP). This protocol allows for certain ISP's to monitor and control traffic on the Internet as they see fit. This way, one ISP could potentially favor the traffic of one service provider on the Internet over a competitor in that market. Such ISPs as Cisco and Juniper allow for this protocol to be used on their networks.

China
The People's Republic of China’s approach to internet policy does not account for Net Neutrality as the government uses ISPs to inspect and regulate the content that is available to their citizens. They typically block both foreign and domestic sites that the government wishes to censor in their country, using software and hardware that together are known as the "Great Firewall." Many of the sites that are on the Great Firewall’s blacklist are there because they provide information that the government cannot effectively alter permanently, such as large social media IPs or information sites such as Wikipedia.

United Kingdom Addition
In comparison to the United States, the debate concerning Net Neutrality is one that has not received much attention in the United Kingdom. The officials merely refer to such a concept as an open internet, as net neutrality is a term used originally in American politics. While it does seem to be a non-issue in the UK, there is indeed a defining characteristic in the neutrality debate there, as the arguments are often shaped by regulators. Also, these arguments are often influenced by the discourse of other countries in Europe, so much of the discussions that the UK has about open internet will be linked with those of other European countries listed on this page.

United States Addition
One article on Net Neutrality detailed not only what it means for educators, but also described what would happen if it were to be taken away. The author, Chad Sansing, goes on to say that "...Without net neutrality, regardless of how much bandwidth any particular user has, Internet service providers can “throttle” the speed of delivery to privilege some bits of information over others, effectively slowing down some websites and services while speeding up others."

Deterring Competition Addition
According to a research article from MIS Quarterly, the authors stated their findings subvert some of the expectations of how ISPs and CPs act regarding Net Neutrality laws. The paper shows that even if an ISP is under restrictions, it still has the opportunity and the incentive to act as a gatekeeper over CPs by enforcing priority delivery of content.

Quality of Service Addition
Quality of service is sometimes taken as a measurement through certain tools to test a user's connection quality, such as Network Diagnostic Tools (NDT) and services on speedtest.net. These tools are known to be used by National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs), who use these QoS measurements as a way of detecting Net Neutrality violations. However, there are very few examples of such measurements being used in any significant way by NRAs, or in network policy for that matter. Often, these tools are used not because they fail at recording the results they are meant to record, but because said measurements are inflexible and difficult to exploit for any significant purpose. According to Ioannis Koukoutsidis, the problems with the current tools used to measure QoS stem from a lack of a standard detection methodology, a need to be able to detect various methods in which an ISP might violate Net Neutrality, and the inability to test an average measurement for a specific population of users.

Wireless Networks
There are also some discrepancies in how wireless networks affect the implementation of net neutrality policy, some of which are noted in the studies of Christopher Yoo. In one research article, he claimed that "...bad handoffs, local congestion, and the physics of wave propagation make wireless *broadband networks* significantly less reliable than fixed broadband networks."