User:Grayson lee/sandbox

Article evaluation
Al-Nuwayri


 * Not enough information on his life
 * Sources seem good, but there should be more; one source is his book
 * Some claims have no citations
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Article selection
Anti-literacy laws in the US

Fossilization (linguistics)

Nationality law

Nonsense verse

--Hamayouni Decree

--Ten Conditions of Al-Ezabi

Hamayouni Decree
Original copied article:

The Hamayoni Decree (also "Hamayonic", "Hamayouni") (الخط الهمايونى) or "Hamayony Khat" is a clause in the Egyptian law that dates back to the Hatt-ı Hümayun of February 1856 issued during Ottoman rule, which regulates Christian church construction and maintenance. It is currently a cause of much controversy due to the conditions that need to be fulfilled in order for the permit to be granted. These same restrictions do not apply to mosques. The law formerly required that each permit must be issued by the President of Egypt. In 1998, under the administration of Hosni Mubarak, the law was changed to also allow Egyptian Governors to grant permits.

The requirements are complex and frequently arbitrary for building and repairing churches or church-owned buildings. The state president must personally approve all building applications, and the provincial governors must approve all applications for repairs, even for something as small as repairing a toilet or a broken window.

While ostensibly part of the Tanzimat reforms of the Ottoman Empire, the special restrictions on churches trace back to the Covenant of Omar I (change this to Covenant of Umar I) in 637.

The Hamayouni Decree was later elaborated by the Ten Conditions of Al-Ezabi.

History
While the decree was part of the Tanzimat reforms of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, the special restrictions on churches trace back to the Pact of Umar in the 7th century. This treaty included a provision against the building of new churches or other religious buildings, and became the jurisprudential basis for subsequent interactions between Muslim leaders and non-Muslim citizens.

[The Hamayouni Decree was later elaborated by the Ten Conditions of Al-Ezabi.]

The Hamayouni Decree and Ten Conditions of Al-Ezabi

Conditions
The requirements are complex and frequently arbitrary for building and repairing churches or church-owned buildings. The state president must personally approve all building applications, and the provincial governors must approve all applications for repairs, even for something as small as repairing a toilet or a broken window.

Recent revisions
2011

2013

2016

Controversy and violence
Destruction of churches

My Sources:
From Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5947e4266a49635915ac0a31/t/59ee857a4c0dbfd6070df17a/1511568907468/IB_Egypt+Church+Construction.pdf

https://timep.org/commentary/analysis/houses-worship-egypt-enduring-source-inequity/

Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa; Aftermath of the Arab Spring

Conflict and Cooperation; Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Egypt

https://books.google.com/books?id=ITNlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89&dq=hamayouni+decree&source=bl&ots=Syqj97YehN&sig=oxpvvTr8gabDTyPfGbU4ffTyXpk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiE6_aZy8feAhWEdt8KHT7cDvQ4ChDoATADegQIARAB#v=onepage&q=hamayouni%20decree&f=false

https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51598.htm

Cairo Institute for Human Rights: https://cihrs.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/655.pdf