User:Great floors/choline

I think I've found a section of research missing from the choline article, but I want to work on it a bit here first so I can review my references before I add them.

Leermakers 2015

 * Title = Effects of choline on health across the life course: a systematic review
 * Authors = Elisabeth T.M. Leermakers, Eduardo M. Moreira, Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong, Sirwan K.L. Darweesh, Thirsa Visser, Trudy Voortman, Paula K. Bautista, Rajiv Chowdhury, Donal Gorman, Wichor M. Bramer, Janine F. Felix, Oscar H. Franco
 * Link = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26108618
 * Quote = Evidence to confirm the suggested effects of choline on health in different stages of life is scarce. Potential effects of choline need to be confirmed by intervention studies. Possible harmful effects on cardiometabolic health need careful evaluation.

Wang 2011
metabolites the levels of which predict risk of CVD in subjects, we have identified a novelpathway linking dietarylipid intake, intestinalmicro- flora and atherosclerosis (Fig. 6). The pathway identified (dietary PC/choline → gut-flora-formed TMA → hepatic-FMO-formed TMAO) represents a unique additional nutritional contribution to the pathogenesis of CVD that involves PC and choline metabolism, an obligate role for the intestinal microbial community, and regulation of surface expression levels of macrophage scavenger receptors known to participate in the atherosclerotic process. The pro-atherogenic gut-flora-generated metabolite TMAO is formed in a two-step process initiated by gut-flora-dependent cleavage of a trimethylamine species (for example, PC, choline, betaine) generating the precursor TMA, and subsequent oxidation by FMO3 and possibly other FMOs (Fig. 6). PC is by far the most abundant dietary source of choline in most humans. The present results indicate that both environmental exposure (dietary lipid from predominantly animal products) and microbial flora participate in TMAO formation and producing a pro-atherogenic macrophage phenotype.
 * Title = Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease
 * Authors = Zeneng Wang, Elizabeth Klipfell, Brian J. Bennett, Robert Koeth, Bruce S. Levison, Brandon DuGar, Ariel E. Feldstein, Earl B. Britt, Xiaoming Fu, Yoon-Mi Chung, Yuping Wu, Phil Schauer, Jonathan D. Smith, Hooman Allayee, W. H. Wilson Tang, Joseph A. DiDonato, Aldons J. Lusis & Stanley L. Hazen
 * Link = https://masspec.scripps.edu/metabo_science/timelines/2011_a.pdf
 * Quote = TO VERIFY (seem Greger paraphrased) “Eggs, milk, liver, red meat, poultry, shell fish, and fish,…[all] believed to be major dietary sources of choline, and, hence TMAO production.” ... “to prevent or treat heart disease, [the most obvious of which would be] to limit dietary choline intake.”
 * Quote = "some studies have reported an association between increased whole blood levels of total choline and cardiovascular disease" (28,29)
 * Quote = "''Using a targeted metabolomics approach aimed at identifying plasma
 * Quote = "They also reveal the following metabolic pathway for dietary PC producing TMAO: PC → choline → TMA → TMAO"

(me wonders: is PC their name for *dietary* choline?)

"PC" is the lipid phosphatidylcholine, "also called lecithin".

Richman 2010

 * Title = Intakes of meat, fish, poultry, and eggs and risk of prostate cancer progression
 * Authors = Erin L Richman, Meir J Stampfer, Alan Paciorek, Jeanette M Broering, Peter R Carroll, and June M Chan
 * Link = http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/91/3/712.long
 * Quote = "higher plasma choline was recently reported to be associated with a greater risk of prostate cancer ... higher dietary choline has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenoma in women"
 * Quote = "Egg consumption is a determinant of plasma choline, and higher plasma choline was recently reported to be associated with a greater risk of prostate cancer"
 * Quote = "Malignant prostate cells have higher choline concentrations than do healthy cells, and choline kinase is overexpressed in prostate cancer"
 * Quote = "higher dietary choline has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenoma in women"

Johansson 2009

 * Title = One-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk: prospective investigation of seven circulating B vitamins and metabolites. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:1538–43.
 * Authors = Mattias Johansson, Bethany Van Guelpen, Stein Emil Vollset, Johan Hultdin, Anders Bergh, Tim Key, Øivind Midttun, Göran Hallmans, Per M. Ueland and Pär Stattin
 * Link = http://ajcn.nutrition.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=cebp&resid=18/5/1538
 * Used to support = "Egg consumption is a determinant of plasma choline, and higher plasma choline was recently reported to be associated with a greater risk of prostate cancer"

Konstantinova 2008

 * Title = Dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients as predictors of plasma choline and betaine in middle-aged and elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1663–9.
 * Authors = Konstantinova SV, Tell GS, Vollset SE, Ulvik A, Drevon CA, Ueland PM.
 * Link = CrossRef Medline Google Scholar
 * Used to support = "Egg consumption is a determinant of plasma choline, and higher plasma choline was recently reported to be associated with a greater risk of prostate cancer"

Glunde 2006

 * Title = Choline metabolism in cancer: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2006;6:821–9.
 * Authors = Glunde K, Jacobs MA, Bhujwalla ZM.
 * Link = CrossRef Medline Google Scholar
 * Used to support: "Malignant prostate cells have higher choline concentrations than do healthy cells, and choline kinase is overexpressed in prostate cancer"

Ramirez 2008

 * Title = Choline kinase as a link connecting phospholipid metabolism and cell cycle regulation: implications in cancer therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008;40:1753–63.
 * Authors = Ramirez de Molina A, Gallego-Ortega D, Sarmentero-Estrada J, et al.
 * Link = CrossRef Medline Google Scholar
 * Used to support: "Malignant prostate cells have higher choline concentrations than do healthy cells, and choline kinase is overexpressed in prostate cancer"

Kwee 2007

 * Title = Cancer imaging with fluorine-18-labeled choline derivatives. Semin Nucl Med 2007;37:420–8.
 * Authors = Kwee SA, DeGrado TR, Talbot JN, Gutman F, Coel MN.
 * Link = CrossRef Medline Google Scholar
 * Used to support = "Malignant prostate cells have higher choline concentrations than do healthy cells, and choline kinase is overexpressed in prostate cancer"

Cho 2007

 * Title = Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1224–31.
 * Authors = Eunyoung Cho, Walter C. Willett, Graham A. Colditz, Charles S. Fuchs, Kana Wu, Andrew T. Chan, Steven H. Zeisel and Edward L. Giovannucci
 * Link = http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/99/16/1224.full
 * Used to support = "higher dietary choline has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenoma in women"