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Hossein Ghadimi, M.D., H. Ghadimi, M.D., H. K. Ghadimi, M.D. was born in Soviet Union 1922. Raised in Iran he came to U.S. in 1957 by virtue of a scholarship to Harvard Medical School Children’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. In his long medical career, over 60 yrs., he practiced pediatrics, became Professor of Pediatrics at State University of New York Downstate Medical Center and Director of Pediatrics at Methodist Hospital of Brooklyn. He published over 60 articles, of which 34 are listed below. Dr. Ghadimi retired in 2002 and lives with his wife Ingeborg in Naples, Florida. Articles containing significant breakthroughs are listed in green. Graduated from Teheran University and upon recommendation of the dean, Professor Charles Oberling he received a scholarship to Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, England. (1950) Returning to Iran, he went to the old city of Shiraz as Associate Professor of Pediatrics in newly built medical school. Truman’s Point 4, (anologus to Marshall Plan for Europe), was started in Shiraz. Chief of the Health Section Dr. Stobbe, persuaded Dr. Ghadimi to be his counterpart. In 1957 He was offered a scholarship at Children’s Hospital Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Harry Shwachman, head of Department of Laboratories, asked him to introduce Chromotographic Technique for the department. This newly devised technique, testing minute amounts of substances such as amino acids was successfully introduced. On the second year at Harvard he accepted fellowship in the Department of Pediatric Hematology headed by renowned Dr. Louis K. Diamond After two years at Harvard, in order to comply with American regulation regarding immigration to U.S. he accepted senior fellowship job in Research Institute at Toronto Children’s Hospital in Canada. Research on mental retardation, being prioritized in Kennedy’s administration, Dr. Ghadimi embarked on a screening of patients with mental retardation by testing blood, urine, cerebral spinal fluid for free amino acids. The first break through came by discovering a new error of metabolism mimicking phenylketonuria. A paper on the subject “Inborn Error of Histidine Metabolism” was presented by him in plenary session of American Society for Pediatric Research. After two years at Children’s Hospital he moved to U.S. as an immigrant and accepted the position as Assistant Professor at Deptartment of Pediatrics, State University Brooklyn, NY 1961. In 1967 he accepted a position of Director of Department of Pediatrics and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Methodist Hospital of Brooklyn which was affiliated to State University of NY. Dr. Ghadimi made drastic changes such as allowing the parents unlimited visitation and painting the walls with jolly figures such as Mickey Mouse. Also by publishing a few articles which were considered breakthrough, he was promoted to full Professor at Downstate, and residency program that was on probation was fully approved. The Visiting Professor Program, inviting renowned professors of pediatrics to lecture and teach pediatrics became an unprecedented success. Among the over 60 articles published in leading journals the following breakthroughs deserve further explanation. 1. Discovery of an inborn error of metabolism called “Histidinemia” (5 below) 2. Finding the cause of “Chinese Restaurant Syndrome”. This study concludes that the ingestion of large amounts of monosodium glutamate overwhelms the decarboxylation which normally influences the absorption of glutamate. That leads to “transient acetylcholinosis”. The syndrome doesn’t have any lasting effect on the body. (13 & 17 below) 3. Discovered the shortcomings of then (1974) available amino acid solutions for intravenous use. (18 below) A)	One of the old amino acid solutions contained enormous amounts of ammonia, probably released during hydrolysis of protein used as a source of amino acids.	B)	Amino acid proportions were irrational. C)	The solution contained gross amounts of peptides and was burgundy in color due to the caramelization of glucose and amino acids.	D)	Gross discrepancies in labeling and contents. 4. Discovery of the cause of Acute Diarrhea in infancy becoming intractable, prevention and treatment. Considering the large absorptive size of the intestinal mucosa (in adults 2-3000 sq. ft.) and short half life of (1-3 days) the author suspected that substrate deficiency may be the cause of acute diarrhea becoming intractable. Additional supportive evidence includes the fact that the babies with acute diarrhea are on NPO (nothing per mouth) diet. So the intake of the protein is zero and a state of negative nitrogen balance very quickly prevails. Measurement of free amino acids in healthy state, acute diarrhea and intractable diarrhea also gave additional support to the theory. Opportunity finally arose when a patient with intractable diarrhea was admitted to the hospital and treated with “The Total Parenteral Nutrition” using GF1 solution (Ghadimi’s formula #1) and fully recovered. The findings were present in plenary session of American Pediatric Society and Society of Pediatric Research. (19 below) Infusion of old amino acid solutions unwittingly may have contributed to undesirable outcome including coma and death. 5. Invention of a new amino acid solution where the content is proportional to anabolic need of body (free of ammonia and other shortcomings). Ghadimi’s formula (GF) was granted patent in U.S., Mexico, Canada, England, France and common market countries. Not mentioned yet in the print, the patent was infringed by industry. FDA with unprecedented speed, allowed new solution, proposed by industry, to replace the old amino acid solution. (28 below) 6. “Total Parenteral Nutrition – Premises and Promises” First Edition H. Ghadimi Ed., John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1975. The GF Formulas are described in the book edited by Dr. Ghadimi on the subject of Hyperalemantation. The book also contains contributions from well known scientists in the area of metabolism and nutrition. (22 below)

PUBLICATIONS IN ENGLISH 1.  Ghadimi, H.                    Child Care in Iran J. Pediatrics 50: p 620, 1957. 2.  Ghadimi, H., Shwachman, H.: A Study of Free Amino Acids in Sweat from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis A.M.A. J. Dis. Child. 99: p 33, 1960. 3.  Ghadimi, H., Shwachman, H.: A Screening Test for Aminoaciduria New Eng. J. Med. 261: p 998, 1959. 4.  Ghadimi, H.; Clark, J., Shwachman, H.: Simultaneous Screening for Mellituria and Aminoaciduria Can. M.A. J. 84: p 1308, 1961. 5.  Ghadimi, H.; Partington, M.W., Hunter, A.: Inborn Error of Histidine Metabolism Pediatrics 29: p 714, 1962. 6.  Ghadimi, H.; Pecora, P.: Free Amino Acids of Different Kinds of Milk Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 13: p 75, 1963. 7.   Ghadimi, H., Pecora, P.: Free Amino Acids of Cord Plasma as Compared with Maternal Plasma During Pregnancy Pediatrics. 34: p 500, 1964. 8.   Ghadimi, H. Pecora, P.: Plasma Amino Acids after Birth Pediatrics. 34: p 182, 1964. 9.  Ghadimi, H., Diagnosis of Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism Amer. J. Dis. Child. 114:, p 433, 1967. The Significance of the Deficiency State of Lesch-Nyhan Disease. Acta Paed. Scand., Vol. 59,  1970, pp 233-240. 11.  Ghadimi, H.: "Hyperlysinemias" The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 3rd Edition Edited by John B. Stanbury, James B. Wyngaarden and Donald S. Fredrickson McGraw-Hill, N.Y., Chapter 18, p 393, 1972. 12.  Ghadimi, H., Abaci, F., Kumar, S. and Rathi, M.: "Biochemical Aspects of Intravenous Alimentation" Pediatrics, Vol. 48: p. 955,  1971. 13.  Ghadimi, H., Kumar, S., and Abaci, F.: "Studies on Monosodium Glutamate Ingestion                  I.  Biochemical Explanation of Chinese Restaurant Syndrome" Biochemical Medicine,  Vol  5:  p 447,  1971. 14.  Ghadimi, H., Kumar, S.: High Ammonia Content of Protein Hydrolysate Biochemical Medicine, Vol. 5:  p 548,  1971.
 * 10. Ghadimi, H., Bhalla, C.K.,M.D.:

15.  Ghadimi, H., Abaci, F., and Jothianandan, D.: "Insensible, Significant Amino Acid Loss in Infantile Diarrhea" Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Pediatric Society and the Society for Pediatric Research, May 24, 1972. Evaluation of Nutritional Management of Low Birth Weight Newborn Am. J. of Clin. Nutr. 26: p 473,  May 1973. * 17. Ghadimi, H., Kumar, S.: Current Status of Monosodium Glutamate Am. J. of Clin. Nutr. 25: p 643,  1972. 18.  Ghadimi, H.: A Review: Current Status of Parenteral Amino Acid Therapy Pediatric Research 7:  p 169,  April  1973. 19.  Ghadimi, H.: Kumar, S. and Abaci, F.: Endogenous Amino Acid Loss and its Significance in Infantile Diarrhea Pediatric Research 7;  p. 161,  1973. 20.  Ghadimi, H., Desai, L., and Arulanantham, K.: A Unitary Concept for Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Lancet, Vol. II, No. 7821  p. 126, July 1973. 21.  Ghadimi, H.: Total Parenteral Nutrition in Low Birth Weight Infants. Proceedings of the XIV. International Congress of Pediatrics Buenos Aires, Argentina, Oct. 3-9, 1974. 22.  Ghadimi, H. Editor Total Parenteral Nutrition - Premises and Promises John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1975. 23.  Ghadimi, H.: A General Survey of Parenteral Nutrition (Introduction) Total Parenteral Nutrition - Premises and Promises, First Ed. H. Ghadimi, Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1975, pp 3-7.
 * Guest Editorial
 * 16 Ghadimi, H., Arulanantham, K. and Rathi, M.:

24.  Ghadimi, H.: Synopsis on Protein Economy In: Total Parenteral Nutrition - Premises and Promises First Ed., H. Ghadimi, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1975, pp 155-170. 25.  Ghadimi, H.: Protein Economy in Newborns and Infants. In: Total Parenteral Nutrition - Premises and Promises First Ed., H. Ghadimi, Ed. Wiley, New York, 1975. pp. 171-197. 26.  Ghadimi, H. and Tajni A..: Protein and Amino Acid Requirements In: Total Parenteral Nutrition - Premises and Promises First Ed., H. Ghadimi, Ed. Wiley, New York, 1975,  pp 213-230. 27.  Ghadimi, H.                    Conventional Amino Acid Solutions for Parenteral Use. In: Total Parenteral Nutrition - Premises and Promises First Ed., H. Ghadimi, Ed. Wiley, New York, 1975. pp. 373-392.


 * Guest Editorial

28.  Ghadimi, H.                    Newly Devised Amino Acid Solutions for Intravenous Administration. In: Total Parenteral Nutrition - Premises and Promises First Ed. H. Ghadimi, Ed. Wiley, New York, 1975. pp. 393-442. 29.  Ghadimi, H.                    Clinical Experience with GF                    Diagnosis of Acute Protein Deficiency. In: Total Parenteral Nutrition - Premises and Promises First Ed., H. Ghadimi, Ed. Wiley, New York, 1975,  pp 523-534. 30.  Ghadimi, H., and Arulanantham, K.: Guidelines for Institution and Maintenance of TPN in Newborn In: Total Parenteral Nutrition - Premises and Promises First Ed. H. Ghadimi, Ed. Wiley, New York,m 1975,  pp 535-542. 31.  Ghadimi, H., Iyer, L.B., and Desai, L.: Total Parenteral Nutrition for Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Distress Syndrome. In: Total Parenteral Nutrition - Premises and Promises First Ed., H. Ghadimi, Ed., Wiley, New York,  1975. pp. 543-575. 32.  Ghadimi, H. and Abaci, F.: Clinical Experience with GF solutions in Children and Adults. In: Total Parenteral Nutrition - Premises and Promises First Ed., H. Ghadimi, Ed. Wiley, New York, 1975,  pp. 577-586. 33.  Ghadimi, H. and Roberts, J.: Potentials of Parenteral Amino Acid Therapy In: Total Parenteral Nutrition - Premises and Promises First Ed., H. Ghadimi, Ed., Wiley, New York  1975,  pp. 615-623. 34.  Ghadimi, H.: The Silent Emergency ( Iatrogenically induced substrate deficiency). American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 30th July 1977, pp. 1147-1152.