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The health risks of obesity in children and adolescents:

A significant public health issue that has now taken on epidemic proportions is the sharp rise in overweight and obesity in children and adolescents over the past few decades. For girls, the age-standardized prevalence of obesity grew from 0.7% in 1975 to 5.6% in 2016, and for boys, it increased from 0.9% in 1975 to 7.8% in 2016. . It is widely established that there is a correlation between childhood and adolescent obesity and a higher incidence of cardiometabolic risk factors. A deterioration of cardiovascular risk factors was observed among overweight and obese participants, according to a meta-analysis of 63 studies involving 49,220 subjects aged 5 to 15. Systolic blood pressure was greater in overweight children (4.54 mmHg) and obese children (7.49 mmHg) compared to children of normal weight. Diastolic and 24 ambulatory systolic blood pressure showed similar relationships. Blood lipid levels were negatively impacted by obesity; in obese children, total cholesterol and triglycerides were 0.15 mmol/L and 0.26 mmol/L higher, respectively. Participants who were obese also had significantly higher fasting insulin and insulin resistance levels. Left ventricular mass increased significantly in obese kids, from 19.12 g to compared with normal-weight children. Elevated levels of uric acid were identified in 14.5% of individuals who were normal weight, 28.3% of participants who were overweight, and 43.6% of people who were obese in a population of 2405 kids aged 6 to 12 years .In a research conducted in the United States, the odds ratios for adult obesity-related to childhood obesity ranged from 1.3 for obesity at 1 or 2 years of age to 17.5 for obesity at 15 to 17 years of age, after controlling for parental obesity. Obese adolescents had a 16-fold (HR = 16.0; 95% CI, 12.4, 20.5) higher risk of developing severe obesity in young adulthood than normal-weight or overweight adolescents in the 8834-person US nationally representative cohort. In a systematic review and meta-analysis, obese children and adolescents were around five times more likely to be obese in adulthood than those who were not obese. About 55% of obese children were also obese in adolescence, around 80% of obese adolescents were still obese in adulthood and around 70% were obese over age 30

Due to the serious implications of obesity in adolescents, effective treatments are urgently needed A major global health issue is childhood and adolescent obesity. Adolescent obesity is linked to serious cardio-metabolic comorbidities and biochemical changes, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, dysglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, hyperuricemia, MAFLD, and a higher incidence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in females. Many obese teenagers carry their weight into adulthood, which significantly increases death and morbidity rates. Therefore, addressing adolescent obesity should be a top focus. The cornerstone of the fight against the ongoing rise in obesity prevalence continues to be public health programs for the primary prevention of obesity in children and adolescents. However, despite sporadic instances of progress, no nation has managed to stop the global obesity epidemic as of yet. Interventions at the population level necessitate significant alterations in social and cultural norms, multi-sector initiatives involving the public sector, the health care system, the food and beverage industry, and marketing, as well as interventions in a variety of settings, including workplaces, communities, and schools. The best and safest methods for losing weight are desperately needed as the effects of pharmaceutical treatments and lifestyle interventions are limited.