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Annotated Bibliography
Title: A review and synthesis of recreation ecology research findings on visitor impacts to wilderness and protected natural areas

Summary: Outdoor recreation has impacts on vegetation, soil, wildlife and water resources. Recreation visitation has inevitable negative effects on natural resources.

Incorporate: This information will be used in creating a comprehensive definition and background information on recreation ecology. The four categories of vegetation, soil, wildlife and water resources provides insights to the different aspects of the environment that are altered by outdoor recreation.

Title: Sustaining visitor use in protected areas: future opportunities in protected areas: future opportunities in recreation ecology based on the USA experience

Summary: Recreation ecology is the study of ecological consequences of outdoor recreation activities and the management to prevent degradation. This field of ecological study is relatively new and has only emerged in the past 50 years. Trends in outdoor recreation in the United States show an increase in participation.

Incorporation: This source provides background information and history of the movement of recreation ecology in the United States. The authors describe outdoor recreation as an agent of ecological change. Figure 1 in the study illustrates this.

Title: Recent advances in recreation ecology and the implications of different relationships between recreation use and ecological impacts

Summary: Outdoor recreation is experiencing trends of increased participation globally. The authors argue that the assumes curvilinear relationship between use and impact is oversimplified.

Incorporation: How recreation ecology can be used to make management decisions

Title: Next steps in recreation ecology

Summary: Recreation ecology has contributed to threatened species conservation and protected area management, while providing insight for the management of nature-based tourism. The next steps for recreation ecology involve analyzing different impacts, interactions, and to stop using general assumptions about ecosystems when thinking about conservation.

Incorporation: This paper provides context on the history, present day and future of recreation ecology. It also presents the important statement that generalizations cannot be made when studying recreation ecology and when applying its findings to conservation.

Title: Recreation Ecology Research Effort: An International Comparison

Summary: This study looks at the international patterns in recreation ecology research across global regions and continents. The need for recreation ecology research is great for much of the world and should be a topic of importance and concern for ecologists and conservation management agencies.

Incorporation: Recreation Ecology differs across ecosystems and regions, as well as in their management practices. This is a relatively new field of research and many regions of the world could benefit from it.