User:Grover cleveland/Hindi grammar stuff

Usages of nouns and pronouns
The following section gives examples of usages of the various forms of nouns and pronouns.

Direct
Also called nominative.
 * The subject or complement of the verb honā (to be)
 * laṛkā āj yahā̃ nahī̃ hai ("The boy isn't here today")
 * yah mez hai ("This is a table")
 * The subject of an intransitive verb
 * maĩ caltā hū̃ ("I'm going")
 * The subject of a transitive verb that is not in the perfective aspect
 * vah kitāb likh rahā thā ("he was writing the book")
 * The direct object of a transitive verb, when its identity is not definite.
 * darzī bulāo ("call a tailor")

Ergative
Also called agentive. For nouns, this consists of the oblique form followed by ne. For pronouns it is given in the tables above.
 * The subject of a transitive verb that is in the perfective aspect.
 * usne kitāb likhī ("he wrote the book" -- compare "he was writing the boook" above)

Dative
Also called object or dative-accusative For nouns, this consists of the oblique form followed by ko. For pronouns it is given in the tables above.
 * The direct object of a transitive verb, where its identity is definite.
 * darzī ko bulāo ("call the tailor" -- compare "call a tailor" above)
 * The indirect object of a verb.
 * yogesh ne ajay ko apnī tasvīrẽ dihkāī̃ ("Yogesh showed his pictures to Ajay")
 * In a variety of idiomatic expressions, often in combination with the verb honā (to be), indicating a close connection with another noun, or sometimes adjective, in the same sentence. . Masica calls this the "dative subject construction".
 * mujhe bahut xushī hai ("I am very pleased" -- literally "there is to me great happiness")
 * āpko kyā cāhiye ("What do you want?" -- literally "What to you is wanted?")

Genitive
For nouns, this consists of the oblique form followed by kā. For pronouns it is given in the tables above. This form indicates possession, and agrees in gender, number and case with the thing possessed in gender, number and case in the same manner as an adjective such as baṛā.
 * us strī kā beṭā ("that woman's son")
 * us strī ke beṭe ("that woman's sons")

Other postpositions
The oblique case may be followed by other postpositions including the following:
 * se ("by, with, from"), to create what are sometimes caled the ablative, sociative and instrumental' cases.


 * mẽ ("in") and par ("on") in what is sometimes called the locative case.


 * tak ("up to").

General oblique
The oblique case may be used on its own, without any folowing postposition or particle: this usage is known as the general oblique.
 * bhūkõ marā ("I'm dead of hunger")