User:Grover cleveland/Historical pronunciation dictionaries

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Identifies stressed syllable

 * . balcóny bait
 * . "Corrected, with large additions".
 * Sample: BALCO'NY BAT
 * . New edition "with numerous additions and improvements".
 * Sample: BA'LANCE
 * "with many additions."
 * . "BAT".  "BALCO'NY".  "BAIT".
 * BAT. BAIT. BA'LANCE.
 * BAT. BAIT. BALCO'NY.
 * Volume II (1755).
 * (vol. ii)
 * BAT. BAIT. BALCO'NY.
 * balcóny
 * Translated anonymously into English from Dutch original. AB'BOT.
 * Occasionally gives a phonetic respelling: e.g. Coff for COUGH.
 * Occasionally gives a phonetic respelling: e.g. Coff for COUGH.

Identifies stressed syllable, and gives some information about pronunciation of stressed vowel

 * French-English dictionary.  Balcòny Bát Bàit Bét Béat Bird Bit Bite Blót Blóód Boat Bought Boot Bout
 * Explanation of the symbols
 * "The Acute denotes the Elevation of the Voice in the Syllable that bears it; as in these Words, ádmirable, cóntrary, contríbutor, &c."
 * "The Grave makes the Falling of Compression of the Voice, as in these Words, adjùre, adò, conjùre, &c."
 * "The Circumflex is a Compound of the other Two, and marks the Elevation and Falling of the Voice in the same Syllable, as in these Words, contrîve, backbîte: But note, that the difference betwixt the Grave and the Circumflex is so very small, and so unheeded in English, that we have thought to make use of the Grave only".
 * "When you find a double ee or oo with two Accents, it shews that they are Dipthongs, the first of which is to be pronounced like the French Vowel i, and the other like the French Dipthong ou, according to the French Pronunciation, must sound Agri, Couper. But when there comes a double ee or oo, having but one Accent, then the ee or oo are no Dipthongs, but belong to two Syllables, and must be pronounced separately, as in Re-énter, Co-órdinate, &c."
 * "Lastly, Note that some English Words have two Accents; as, Coóperátion, &c."
 * "carefully corrected".
 * balcòny Bát Bàit Bét Bèat Bèet Bírd Bít BìteBlóod Blòom Blót Blów Bòat Bòot Boùt
 * Explanation of the symbols
 * "' notes an Acute, or short & quick Accent, & shews that the Vowel or Diphthong of the accented syllable, where it stands, ought to be pronounced short; e.g. í or y' like a short [German?] í; ú like a short u; éa like a short  e; eá, like a short a; óo, like a short u; óu, like a  short u, &c."
 * "` notes a Circumflex or long Accent, and shews, that the Vowel or Diphthong, where it stands, ought to be pronounced somewhat long; e.g. ì or u=y` like the Germane ei or eu; ù like iu; èa like the Germane eh or ie; òo like uh; où like au; óu, like ah, or oh, or uh; (according to the rules of the Grammar), ow` like au; òw like a long o, &c."
 * "Augmented with more than 12000 Words Taken out of Samuel Johnson's English Dictionary and Others".
 * Johnston Pronouncing and Spelling Dictionary (1772)

=Gives complete pronunciation=

Sheridan

 * volume 2
 * short vowels
 * BIT bi1t'
 * BET be1t'
 * BAT ba1t'
 * BOTCH bo1tsh'
 * BUTT bu1t'
 * BUSH bu2sh'
 * short vowels + NPV /r/
 * BIRD bu1rd'
 * BERLIN be1r-li1n'
 * BAR ba1'r
 * BORDER ba3'r-du1r
 * BURST bu1rst'
 * BURST bu1rst'


 * short vowels + PV /r/


 * MIRROR me1 r'-ru 1r. [merged with DRESS + /r/??
 * long vowels (post GVS)
 * BEAT be3't
 * BAIT ba2't
 * EIGHT e2't
 * BALM ba1'm (note position of accent)
 * BOUGHT ba3't
 * BOAT bo2't
 * BOOT bo3't
 * BEAUTY bu3'-ty1
 * long vowels (post GVS) + /r/)
 * BEER be3'r
 * BEAR be2'r
 * BARE be2're (why the final e?)
 * BORE bo2're (why the final e?)
 * BOOR bo3'r
 * LURE lu3'r
 * post-GVS diphthongs
 * BITE bi2'te (why the final e?)
 * BOUT bou't
 * BOY boy'
 * BOW bow' ("act of reverence of submission")
 * diphthongs + /r/
 * TIRE ti2're
 * TOWER tow'-u1r
 * other items of interest
 * BOOK bo3'k
 * BOLT bo2'lt
 * FATHER fa1'-the1r
 * GATHER ga1th'-u1r
 * LA la3'
 * AH a1'
 * BATH ba1'th-
 * PALM pa1'm
 * PASS pa1s'
 * RAM ra1m' (note difference in placement of accent).
 * WRATH wra3'th-
 * WITH wi1th, wi1th-
 * CLOTH kla3th-
 * GREAT gra2/te
 * NEIGH ne2'
 * summary
 * shows all vowel contrasts of conservative RP
 * shows all rhotic contrasts
 * shows unmerged HORSE v. HOARSE (ho1r'se v. ho2'rs)
 * shows PALM/BATH set containing FATHER, -ALM words, -ATH words + a very few others. Graphemic distinction is by position of accent.  GATHER v. FATHER: ga1th'-u1r v. fa1'-the1.
 * other word-final PALM words have the THOUGHT vowel (e.g. "la") or the FACE vowel (e.g. "ah").
 * shows CLOTH broadedning (merging with THOUGHT) in a very small number of -TH words such as CLOTH, WRATH.
 * vowels + /r/ are generally identified etymologically (e.g. START = TRAP + /r/).
 * The one exception is that NORTH is sometimes identified with THOUGHT + /r/ rather than LOT + /r/.
 * FACE vowel split between EIGHT ( e2't) and remainder such as BAIT (ba2't]).
 * SQUARE vowel split between AIR (a2'r) and remainder such as BARE (be2're)
 * NORTH vowel split between HORSE (ho1r'se) and remainder such as NORTH (na3'rth-).
 * Graphemic system preserves final silent e when present in the spelling.
 * MOUTH vowel can be represented either ou or ow, apparently based on spelling.

Editions

 * Second edition (1789) [single volume]
 * Third edition (1790)
 * vol. ii
 * Fourth edition (1797)
 * Vol. ii

Walker
Short vowels
 * Better quality scan: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433070230218
 * Better quality scan: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433070230218


 * BIT bi2t
 * BET be2t
 * BAT ba4t
 * BOTCH bo4tsh
 * BUTT bu2t

Short vowels before /r/
 * BUSH bu3sh


 * BIRD bu2rd

Long vowels (post GVS)
 * BERTRAM be2r'tra4m
 * BAR ba2r
 * BORDER bo3r'du2r
 * BURST bu2rst

Long vowels + /r/
 * BEAT be1te
 * BEET be1e1t (??)
 * BAIT ba1te
 * BALM ba2m
 * BOUGHT ba3u2t
 * BAWDY ba3w'de1
 * BOAT bo1te
 * BOOT bo2o2t
 * BEAUTY bu1'te1


 * BEER be1e1r
 * BARE ba1re


 * BORE bo1re
 * BOOR bo2o2r


 * LURE lu1re

Diphthongs (post-GVS)

Diphthongs + /r/
 * BITE bi1te
 * BOUT bo3u2t
 * BOY bo2e1


 * TIRE ti1re


 * TOWER to3u3'u2r

Short vowels, possibly subject to broadening
 * BATH ba2th

Editions

 * First American edition (1803)
 * Second American edition (1806)
 * Third American edition (from "last London edition") (1807)
 * Sixth edition (1809)
 * Fourth American edition (1810)
 * First miniature edition (1810)
 * "By an Americacn gentleman" (1813)
 * Fifth American, from Sixteenth London edition (1818)
 * ??? edition (1819)
 * Eleventh edition improved (1822)
 * ??? edition (1822)
 * Boston stereotype edition (1823)
 * First pocket edition (1823)
 * Nineteenth edition (1818)
 * Cummings (1823)
 * ??? (1825)

...


 * Walker + Johnson + Todd (1832)

...


 * Walker + Davis (1839)

...


 * Walker + Davis (1854)

... ....
 * New edition (Edinburgh) (1843)

.. plus zillions more
 * Walker + Smart (classical) (1871)

Knowles

 * Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the English Language
 * first edition (London) (1835)
 * New edition (London) (1847)
 * 1861

Worcester

 * A universal and critical dictionary of the English language (1846)
 * https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002018391a&view=1up&seq=3&skin=2021

Baldwin

 * Universal Pronouncing Gazetter
 * First edition (1846)
 * Ninth edition (1850)
 * Lippincott + Baldwin (1856)
 * Thomas + Baldwin (1856)

Bolles

 * An Explanatory and Phonographic Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language
 * First edition (New London) (1845)

Reed

 * Outlines of universal history ... showing the correct mode of pronouncing every name mentioned
 * 1862

Wheeler

 * An explanatory and pronouncing dictionary of the noted names of fiction
 * 1865
 * 1866

Ogilvie / Cull

 * The comprehensive English dictionary
 * 1867

Bible

 * A pronouncing dictionary of the holy bible (Virtue & Yorston, NY)
 * 1869

Thomas

 * Universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and mythology
 * 1870
 * Medical dictionary


 * 

Chambers

 * Geographical Primer
 * 1871

Donald

 * Chambers's English dictionary
 * 1872

Webster / Goordich / Porter / Wheeler

 * A dictionary of the English language, explanatory, pronouncing,, etc.
 * 1872

Chambers' Geographical Primer

 * Chambers's Geographical Primer


 * 1871

Drake

 * Dictionary of American Biography
 * 1872

Blakeney

 * Smaller Classical Dictionary (quantity where necessary) (1913)


 * https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.212441/page/n3/mode/2up

Faulty Diction

 * https://archive.org/details/faultydictionasc00funk/mode/2up (1915)

Jones

 * English Pronouncing Dictionary
 * First edition (1917)
 * Revised edition (1926)
 * Sixth edition (1944)
 * Thirteenth edition (1967; 1969 reprint)
 * Fourteenth edition (1977)
 * Fifteenth edition (1997)
 * Sixteenth edition (2003)
 * Seventeenth edition (2006)

Supreme

 * The New Supreme Webster Dictionary (1922)

Kenyon, Pronouncing Dictionary of American English

 * 1949 ed.
 * 1953 ed.

BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names

 * 1971


 * Second edition (1990)

Windsor Lewis

 * Concise Pronouncing Dictionary of British and American English (1972)

Wells

 * Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (original ed. 1990; this (second?) ed. 2000)

General works on English pronunciation

 * Webster describes trad. Latin pronunciation: here
 * Webster describes trad. Latin pronunciation: here

Complaints

 * "When I was at school, the common practice was to pronounce the names of two of the Greek letters, as "Epsĭlon," and "Omĭcron:" now, such sounds are unknown in schools, and the right pronunciation, "Epsīlon" and "Omīcron," is universal. (p. 57)
 * Copied and cited in
 * Copied and cited in

Hegemony

 * 1872: Chambers. UK/Sc. hɪ'dʒ
 * 1884: Porter/Gardner. US. hɪ'g
 * 1901: NEDHP. UK. hɪ'dʒ 'hɛdʒ 'hiːdʒ "or with g hard".
 * 1917: Jones. UK. hɪ'g hi:'g
 * 1922: Hagar. US. hi:'g
 * 1949: Kenyon / Knott. US. hɪ'dʒ 'hɛdʒ
 * 1972: Windsor-Lewis. hɪ'g [UK pref.] 'hɛdʒ 'hɛg hɪ'dʒ [US pref.]
 * 1990: Wells. Gives all forms, with hɪ'g UK pref. and hɪ'dʒ US pref.