User:Grover cleveland/PII Phonology

In addition to the vowels, *H, and *r&#805; could function as the syllabic core.

Two Palatal series
Proto-Indo-Iranian is hypothesized to contain two series of palatal stops or affricates. The following table shows the reflexes and origins of the two series (Common Iranian is a hypothetical ancestor to the Iranian languages, including Avestan and Old Persian):

Laryngeal
Proto-Indo-European is usually hypothesized to have three or more laryngeal consonants, each of which could occur in either syllabic or non-syllabic position. In Proto-Indo-Iranian, the laryngeals merged together as one phoneme /*H/. Beekes suggests that some instances of this /*H/ survived into Avestan as unwritten glottal stops.

Accent
Like Proto-Indo-European and Vedic Sanskrit (and also Avestan, though it was not written down ), Proto-Indo-Iranian had a pitch accent.

Characters
á ā ā&#769;

é ē ē&#769;

í ī ī&#769;

ó ō ō&#769;

ú ū ū&#769;

l&#805; l&#805;&#769;

r&#805; ŕ&#805; r&#805;&#772;

m&#805; ḿ&#805;

n&#805; ń&#805;

k&#770; ḱ

ĝ ǵ

ć č ĉ

j&#769; ǰ ĵ

bʰ dʰ ĵʰ ǰʰ ĝʰ gʰ
 * h₁, *h₂, *h₃

Historical Phonology
This section lists sound changes between PIE and PII.
 * The Satem shift, consisting of two sets of related changes. The PIE palatals *k&#770; *ĝ *ĝʰ are palatalized, eventually resulting in PII *ĉ, *ĵ, *ĵʰ, while the PIE labiovelars *kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ merge with the velars *k *g *gʰ.
 * The PIE syllabic liquids *l&#805;, *r&#805; merge as *r&#805;.


 * The PIE syllabic nasals *m&#805; *n&#805; merge with *a.


 * Bartholomae's law: an aspirate immediately followed by a voiceless consonant becomes voiced stop + voiced aspirate. In addition, dʰ + t > dzdʰ.
 * The Ruki rule: *s is retracted to *š when immediately following *r *r&#805; *u *k or *i. Its allophone *z likewise becomes *ž.
 * Before a dental occlusive, *ĉ becomes *š and *ĵ becomes *ž. *ĵʰ also becomes *ž, with aspiration of the occlusive.


 * The sequence *ĉs was simplified to *šš.
 * The "second palatalization" or "law of palatals": *k *g *gʰ develop palatal allophones *č *ǰ *ǰʰ before the front vowels *i, *e.


 * Brugmann's law: *o in an open syllable lengthens to *ō.
 * The vowels *e *o merge with *a. Similarly, *ē, *ō merge with *ā.  This has the effect of giving full phonemic status to the second palatal series *č *ǰ *ǰʰ.


 * PIE laryngeals *h₁, *h₂, *h₃ merge as a single phoneme *H. This is probably contemporary with the loss of *e and *o
 * Other developments of the laryngeals (possible before the merger) were as follows:
 * In certain environments, *H is vocalized to *i
 * Following a consonant, in the final syllable of a word:
 * Example:
 * 1st person plural middle ending PIE *-medʰh₂ > PII *-madʰi > Skr. -mahi, Av. madi
 * Following a consonant, and before a pair of consonants:
 * PIE *ph₂trei "father (dat. sing.)" > PII *pitrai > Skr. pitre, Av. piθrai.
 * Otherwise between two consonants, *H may be retained:
 * Example:
 * PIE *ph₂term?? "father (acc. sing.)" > PII *pHtaram > Skr. pitaram, Av. ptaram
 * Where PII *H follows a vowel *H is lost, with compensatory lengthening of the vowel.
 * Examples:
 * PIE *ṇh₁sṇt "not-being" (> *aHsat) > PII *āsat > Ved. āsat
 * ???Exception: Lubotsky's Law. Where *H is followed by a voiced stop and another consonant, the vowel is not lengthened.  MUST PRECEDE SATEM???
 * ???? PIE *peh₂ǵ- "firm" (> *peĵra-) > PII *paĵra- > Skr. pajra
 * ??? PIE *meh₂d- "intoxicating drink" > PII
 * According to Lubotsky p. 53, the order is as follows:
 * Vocalization of interconsonantal laryngeals
 * Palatalization
 * Vowel merger
 * Laryngeal merger into *H, which Lubotsky interprets as a glottal stop
 * Loss of *H before mediae (*b, *t, *j, *g, *z' ??)
 * Laryngeal accent shift (roots with iH- or uH move the accent to the suffix)
 * Laryngeal metathesis (CHRC > CRHC)