User:Grover cleveland/Traditional pronunciation of Latin

Intro

 * Identify stresed syllable, using Latin rules (penult if heavy or bisyllabic, otherwise antepenult).


 * Quality of stressed syllable:
 * If syllable is open AND is last or penultimate syllable:
 * If not immediately followed by /r/:
 * A -> FACE [Hades]
 * E, AE, OE -> FLEECE [Athena, Aether, ]
 * I, Y, EI, YI -> PRICE [Aphrodite, Dionysus, Poseidon, Eirene, Callithyia, Theia???]
 * O -> GOAT [Chronus]
 * U, EU -> (/j/) + GOOSE [Pluto]
 * AU -> THOUGHT [Glaucos]
 * UI -> ???
 * If immediately followed by /r/:
 * A -> SQUARE [Ares]
 * E, AE, OE -> NEAR [Hera]
 * I, Y, EI, YI -> PRICE + /r/
 * O -> FORCE [Corus]
 * U, EU -> /j/ + CURE [Uranus]
 * AU -> THOUGHT
 * UI -> ???
 * Otherwise (syllable is closed OR is antepenult):
 * If not immediately followed by /r/:
 * A -> TRAP [Atlas]
 * E, AE, OE -> DRESS [Br: AE, OE = FLEECE ?] [Hestia, Hephaestus]
 * I, Y, EI, YI -> KIT [Antiphates, Hypnos]
 * O -> LOT [Apollo]
 * U, EU -> STRUT [Zeus -- special case??]
 * AU -> THOUGHT
 * UI -> ???
 * If immediately followed by /r/:
 * A -> START [Artemis]
 * E, AE, OE -> NURSE [Hermes]
 * I, Y, EI, YI -> NURSE
 * O -> NORTH
 * U, EU -> NURSE
 * AU -> [not found]
 * UI -> ???

Dobson (p. 494)

 * Vowels depend on "the analogy of the quantities developed in native English words, or rather of those used in ME adoptions from OF (which in turn depend on native modelv, but show some special features ...)


 * In some words the natural English quantities are subsequently altered artificially owing to the influence of the original Latin quantities -- in particular there is a tendency always use ē as the representive of Latin ae and Greek oe.


 * Disyllabic words normally have long vowels in open syllables, in accord with analogy of most words from French (which lartely depend on the analogy of the lown vowel existing in open syullables in the great majority of native disyllables in later ME)


 * But there are some exceptions


 * Words with two syllables after that which bears the stress regularly have a short vowel, in accordance with native analogues.


 * Oedipus and Daedalus have short E in RS [Right Spelling very much Improved, 1704]
 * But Lye (A New Spelling Book, 1677) has ē in Oedipus

Note on AE / OE

 * Dædalus:
 * SHORT: Bolles (1845, US)
 * SHORT: Wheeler (1865, US -- see also key)
 * LONG: Ogilvie/Cull (1867, UK -- for adjective "Dædalous")
 * SHORT: Gardner/Porter (1884, US)
 * SHORT: Berens (1886, US)
 * LONG: Anon. "Pronouncing Dictionary" (1892, UK)
 * BOTH: B. Smith (1895, US)
 * LONG: Jones (1917, UK)

Long

 * ABDE:RUS        A divine hero and one of the lovers of Heracles.
 * ACADE:MUS       An Athenian hero who saved Athens by preventing an invasion by Castor and Pollux.
 * A.CHE.LO:.US    A river of Greece forming the boundary between Acarnania and Aetolia; the deity thereof
 * ADME:TUS        A king of Pherae in Thessaly,  one of the Argonauts
 * ADO:NIS         A beautiful young man loved by Aphrodite.
 * A.DRAS.TE:.A    The goddess of divine retribution
 * AE.E:.TES       King of Colchis and father of Medea
 * AEGI:NA         The nymph of the island that bears her name, Aegina, lying in the Saronic Gulf between Attica and the Peloponnesos.
 * AE.NE:.AS       A Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman Venus).
 * AENESIDE:MUS    A character in the ancient Greek novel The Wonders Beyond Thule
 * AETO:LUS        A king of Elis / One of the Argonauts / man who helped the Heracleidae
 * ALCMEO:NIS      A lost early Greek epic which is considered to have formed part of the Theban cycle.
 * A.LO.A:.DAE     Twin giants
 * AM.PHI.A.RA:.US King of Argus
 * AMPHITRI:TE     Goddess of the sea, the queen of the sea, and the wife of Poseidon.
 * AMYMO:NE        A daughter of Danaus, king of Libya and Europe, a queen.
 * ANCHI:SES       A Trojan prince
 * AN.TI.CLE:.A    Queen of Ithaca as the wife of King Laërtes.
 * APHRODI:TE      Goddess of love
 * ARE:TE          Queen; Wife of Alcinous and mother of Nausicaa and Laodamas.  (not to be confused with ARETE, goddess of execellence)
 * ASO:PUS         A river god, son of Poseidon
 * ATHE:NA         Olympian
 * AU.GE:.AS       King of Elis, best known for his stables
 * BOLI:NA         Nymph loved by Apollo
 * BRI.SE:.IS      Character in the Iliad
 * CEPHI:SO        One of the Muses
 * CERCO:PES       Mischievous forest creatures
 * CHI.O:.NE       Daughter of Boreas
 * CHRY.SE:.IS     Trojan woman in the Iliad
 * COCY:TUS        River of wailing in the underworld
 * CYCLO:PES       One-eyed giants; plural of CYCLOPS
 * CY.MO.PO.LI:.A  Daughter of Poseidon (also CYMOPOLEIA)


 * DADU:CHUS       Epithet of Artemis and Demeter
 * DEI.A.NI:.RA    Daughter of Oeneus (also DEANEIRA)
 * DEME:TER        Goddess of agriculture
 * DEMOCE:DES        Doctor
 * DI.O.ME:.DES    Participant in Trojan War
 * DI.O:.NE        Mother of Aphrodite, etc.
 * DI.O.NY:.SUS    God of wine, etc.
 * DI.OS.CU:.RI    Castor and Pollux
 * DODO:NA         Oracle

Short

 * ACESO          A goddess and personification of the healing process, daughter of Asclepius.
 * ACHERON        A river in Epirus (the underworld)
 * ACRATOPOTES    Drinker of unmixed wine,  one of the divine companions of Dionysus
 * AC.RIS.I.US    Mythical king of Argos
 * ADEPHAGIA      Goddess and personification of gluttony.
 * A.DI.CI.A      Goddess and personification of injustice
 * AE.A.CUS       A king of the island of Aegina in the Saronic Gulf, one of the three judges in Hades.
 * AE.O.LUS       The eponymous founder of the Aeolian race /  a son of Poseidon, who led a colony to islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea /  Ruler of the winds
 * A.ER.GI.A      Personification of sloth, idleness, indolence and laziness
 * AESACUS        A son of King Priam of Troy
 * AETHIOPIS      A lost epic of ancient Greek literature, one of the Homeric Epic Cycle.
 * A.ETH.LI.US    The first king of Elis
 * AGASTHENES     The son of Augeas, and his successor in the kingdom of Elis.
 * ALALA          A goddess / personification of the war cry/battle cry
 * AL.CI.NO.US    King of Phaeacia in the Odyssey and of Drepane in the Argonautica
 * AL.CY.O.NEUS   A traditional opponent of the hero Heracles, one of the Gigantes
 * AL.GE.A        Goddesses of pain.
 * AM.BRO.SI.A    Food of the gods
 * AM.PHIC.TY.ON  King of Thermopylae and later Athens.
 * AM.PHI.TRY.ON  King of Tiryns in Argolis
 * AMYCUS         A centaur who fought against the Lapiths
 * ANAXAGORAS     King of Argos / philosopher
 * ANDROMACHE     Wife of Hector
 * A.NI.US        King of Delos and priest of Apollo.
 * ANTIGONE       Daughter of Oedipus and his mother Jocasta
 * ANTILOCHUS     One of the comrades of Odysseus
 * ANTIPHATES     one of Greek warriors who hid in the Trojan horse /  King of the Laestrygones, a mythological tribe of gigantic cannibals et al.
 * ANTISTHENES    Philosopher
 * ANYTUS         Athenian demagogus / accuser of Socrates
 * APATE          Goddess of deceit
 * AR.CE.SI.US    Son of either Zeus or Cephalus, and king in Ithaca.
 * ARETE          goddess of execellence (not to be confused with ARE:TE, Queen; Wife of Alcinous and mother of Nausicaa and Laodamas)
 * ARTEMIS        Goddess of the hunt
 * ASBOLUS        A centaur
 * ASCALAPHUS     Son of Acheron and Orphne / son of Ares and Astyoche
 * AS.CLE.PI.US   God of medicine
 * ASSARACUS      King of Dardania
 * AS.TE.RI.ON    Name of the minotaur, et al.
 * ATHAMAS        King in Boethia
 * ATROPOS        One of the three Fates
 * AU.TE.SI.ON    King of Thebes
 * AUTOLYCUS      Thief of the cattle of Sisyphus / one of the Argonauts
 * BELLEROPHON    Hero who captured Pegasus
 * BENTHESICYME   Daughter of Poseidon and Amphitrite
 * BO.RE.AS       North wind
 * BORYSTHENES    River god
 * CA.DU.CE.US    Golden staff given to Hermes  (note: Latin E.US: not Greek)
 * CAL.LI.O.PE    Muse of epic or heroic poetry
 * CALYDON        City where boar was hunted
 * CAR.NE.A.DES   Philosopher
 * CE.LE.US       King of Eleusis (Latin E.US, not Greek)
 * CEPHALUS       Son of Hermes
 * CERBERUS       Dog guarding Hades
 * CHAL.CI.O.PE   Daughter of Aeetes, king of Colchis
 * CHRYSOTHEMIS   Homer's name for Ipigeneia
 * CHTHO.NI.US    Egyptian princess
 * CINYRAS        King of Cyprus
 * COR.NU.CO.PI.A Horn of plenty
 * CRA.NA.US      Second king of Athens.
 * CRE.TE.A       Mountain
 * CRI.A.SUS      King of Argos
 * CY.A.NE        Nymph
 * CYBELE         Anatolian mother goddess
 * CY.PRI.A       Ancient poem attributed to Homer


 * DAEDALUS       Father of Icarus; creator of the minotaur
 * DAMOCLES       Sword guy
 * DA.NA.E        Mother of Perseus
 * DA.NA.US       King of Libya
 * DEMOCRITUS     Philosopher
 * DEMOSTHENES    Athenian statesman / orator
 * DEU.CA.LI.ON   Son of Prometheus
 * DIDYMA         Ancient sanctuary of Apollo
 * DI.O.GE.NES    Cynic philosopher
 * DI.O.NY.SI.A   Festival for Dionysus
 * DI.O.NY.SI.US  Theophoric name
 * DYNAMENE       Nereid

Doesn't matter

 * ACASTUS        One of the men who sailed with Jason and the Argonauts.
 * ACHERUSIA      Of or pertaining to ACHERON (a river in the underworld)
 * ACHILLES       A mythical semidivine hero, who features in the Iliad as the foremost warrior of the Achaean (Greek) camp.
 * ACHLYS         An ancient Greek goddess of death-mist, misery and sadness.
 * ACIS           Son of Faunus,  part of ACIS and GALATAEA
 * ACTAEON        Having accidentally seen Diana (Artemis) on Mount Cithaeron while she was bathing, he was changed by her into a stag, and pursued and killed by his fifty hounds.
 * AC.TAE.US      First king of Attica
 * ADRASTUS       A king of Argos, and leader of the Seven against Thebes
 * AEDOS          Goddess of modesty, shame, reverence and respect.
 * AE.GEUS        A character in the founding myth of Athens.
 * AEGISTHUS      The murderer of Agamemnon and lover of his wife Clytemnestra.
 * AEGYPTUS       A king of Egypt
 * AESON          A king of Iolcus in Thessaly. He was the father of the hero Jason.
 * AGAMEMNON      King of Mycenae who commanded the Greeks during the Trojan War
 * AGDISTIS       A deity who possesses both male and female sexual organs
 * AGLAEA         one of the three Charites / the goddess/personification of the glow of good health /  daughter of Mantineus / mother of Melampus and Bias by Amythaon / a Thespian princess  / a nymph
 * AGON           Personification of athletic competition
 * ALABANDUS      A Carian hero, son of Euippus and Callirhoe
 * ALASTOR        A black horse belonging to the Greek God Hades.
 * ALCESTIS       A princess known for her love of her husband ADME:TUS
 * ALECTO         One of the Furies
 * A.LE.THEI.A    Goddess/spirit of truth and sincerity
 * A.LEU.AS       Mythical king and seer of Thessaly
 * ALCE           Goddess of courage and battle-strength
 * AMPYX          Father of Mopsos.
 * A.NAI.DEI.A    Goddess of ruthlessness, shamelessness and unforgiveness.
 * ANAX           King of Anactoria (Miletus). He was the son of Gaea (Earth) and father of Asterius
 * ANAXIMANDER    Philosopher
 * AN.TAE.US      Defeated by Hercules in one of his labours
 * ANTANDRE       An Amazonian warrior;  one of Penthesilea's twelve companions at Troy.
 * AN.THEI.A      One of the charities
 * A.OE.DE        A muse
 * A.PHAE.A       A goddess worshipped on Aegina
 * A.PHE.LEI.A    Goddess of ease, simplicity and primitivity
 * APOLLO         God of everything
 * ARACHNE        Spider
 * ARAE           Female spirits of curses, particularly of the curses placed by the dead upon those guilty of their death
 * ARES           God of war
 * ARGO           Ship
 * ARIADNE        Cretan princess
 * A.RIS.TAE.US   God of beekeeping
 * AS.TRAE.US     Titan who warred against Zeus
 * ATALANTA       Boar-hunting heroine
 * A.TREUS        Father of Agamemnon
 * ATTIS          Consort of Cybele
 * AUXO           One of the Charities / One of the Horae
 * BENDIS         Tracian goddess of hunting and the moon.
 * BRANCHUS       Lover of Apollo
 * BRAURON        City in Atttca
 * BRITOMARTIS    Cretan goddess of mountains and hunting
 * BRIZO          Goddess of mariners
 * CA.BEI.RI      Group of chthonic deities
 * CACUS          Son of Hephaestus and Medusa
 * CADMUS         Legendary Phoenician founder of Boeotian Thebes.
 * CAE.NEUS       Invulnerable warrior who changed her sex.
 * CAERUS         God of luck
 * CALCHAS        Soothsayer
 * CAMPE          Female monster; guard of the Cyclopes
 * CARNUS         Acarnanian soothsayer
 * CASSANDRA      Priestess whose prophecies were fated to be disbelieves
 * CAS.SI.O.PEI.A Wife of Cepheus, mother of Andromeda. (Latin E: not I:) (not sure whether this belongs here)
 * CA.TREUS       Minos's successor as King of Crete
 * CISUS, CEISUS  King of Argos
 * CELAENO        One of the harpies
 * COE.US, CE.US  One of the Titans
 * CETO           Primordial sea goddess
 * CHARON         Ferryman to Hades
 * CHARYBDIS      Sea monster
 * CHI.MAE.RA     Mythological beast
 * CHI.OS         Island
 * CHIRON         Superlative centaur
 * CHRONUS        God of time
 * CHRYSIPPUS     Philosopher
 * CIRCE          Enchantress, daughter of Helios
 * CLARUS         Seat of an ancient oracle of Apollo
 * CLE.AN.THES    Philosopher
 * CLI.O          Muse of history
 * CLOTHO         Fate
 * CLYTEMNESTRA   Wife of Agamemnon
 * CODRUS         Last king of Athens (note: both LOT and GOAT attested).
 * COE.US         One of the Titans
 * COLCHIS        Destination of the Argonauts
 * COMUS          God of revelry
 * CORINTHUS      Son of Marathon; founder of city of Corinth
 * CORYMBUS       God of the fruit of the ivy
 * CRESPHONTES    Father of Aegyptus
 * CRE.THEUS      King of Iolcus (Greek diphthong)
 * CRI.US         Child or Uranus and Gaea
 * CRONUS         Titan
 * CYCLOPS        One-eyed giant
 * CY.MO.PO.LEI.A Daughter of Poseidon (also CYMOPOLIA)
 * CYNORTAS       King of Sparta


 * DAPHNE         Naiad
 * DE.I.PHON.TES  King of Argos
 * DELOS          Island
 * DESPOENA       Daughter of Demeter and Poseidon, named by the Arcadians (= PERSEPHONE?)
 * DICE           Goddess of Justice
 * DIDO           Queen of Carthage
 * DI.ON          King in Laconia