User:Gsantanab/sandbox

Wiki page: Anne Fausto- Sterling subcategory: Alternative Model of Gender

In chapter three of, "Of Gender and Genitals", Fausto-Sterling details about the use and abuse of the modern intersexual. Her piece "confronts the intersex newborn." When an intersex child is first born, a "medical emergency" is called. Gender reassignment surgery is relied upon in order to "fix the problem,” suggesting that the body must have a standard sex. This chapter follows the course of how the re-assigned individual deals with life later on with the gender that was chosen for them. Fausto-Sterling describes the "Phall-o-metrics" used, which conveys, "If labeling intersex children as boys is tightly linked to cultural conceptions of the maleness and 'proper penile function,' labeling such children as girls is a process even more tangled in social definitions of gender." Society labels the individual, not nature entirely. Once the "surgical fix" has been completed, the next topic on the chapter is "The psychological fix" all this is done with the end product of constructing a male or female. “When doctors chose to assign a definitive sex to an ambiguously sexed child, then, it is not enough that the child became psychologically male or female. For the treatment to count as successful, the child has to become heterosexual.”

Wiki page: Gender system subcategory: The Alternative Model of Gender

The Alternative Model of Gender
"The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough" explores the possibilities of the intersex in her alternative model of gender. Anne Fausto-Sterling proposes that a body does not necessarily have to fit into The Standard Model set by a society, but rather can possibly be categorized under the possibility of male, female, merm, ferm, and herm. She proposes this model as an alternative to the traditional male and female labeling. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_systems#The_Alternative_Model_of_Gender

""Corrected"": In "The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough", Anne Fausto- Sterling explores the possibilities of the intersex and how these individuals fit into the traditional labeling of “male” and “female”. Her “Alternative Model of Gender,” is a proposition that allows for the inclusion of intersexual individuals into the traditional gender labeling system. Anne Fausto-Sterling proposes that a body does not necessarily have to fit into the orthodox gender binary set by a society, but rather can be categorized under the possibility of male, female, merm, ferm, and herm, which are labels given to individuals born with a variation in sex characteristics. Fausto-Sterling’s “Of Gender and Genitals” discuses the fate of the individuals born with “ambiguous” genitalia and the need to surgically correct the deviations these individuals propel into a male-female society. She explores the need for allowing the body to be labeled as is, rather than configuring it into the expectations of society, as the traditional binary gender labeling calls for. The Alternative Model allows for this type of gender labeling. [32][33] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_systems#The_Alternative_Model_of_Gender

Wiki page: Patriarchy subcategory: The Use of Symbols

The Use of Symbols
In Chapter 10 of The Creation of Patriarchy, Gerda Lerner states that Man (male) found a way of dealing with the existential dilemma by assigning symbol-making power to himself and life-death- nature finiteness to woman. Lerner argues that class society began with the dominance of men over women and developed into the dominance of some men over other men and over all women. Thus this the very process of class formation incorporated an already pre-existing condition of male dominance over women and marginalized women in the formation of symbol systems. The symbol system established the ruling elite whom were the men in power. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy#The_Use_of_Symbols

Sexing the Body
In chapter three of, "Of Gender and Genitals", Fausto-Sterling details about the sexing of the human body. When an intersex child is first born, a "medical emergency" is called. Gender reassignment surgery is relied upon in order to "fix the problem" because the body must have a specific sex. Deciding whether to call a child a boy or a girl, then, employs social definitions of the essential components of gender. Fausto-Sterling describes the "Phall-o-metrics", the measurement technique used to determine medically acceptable penis or clitoris. Fausto-Sterling implies that the body is sexed and this sexing comes from the standards that society has placed on what a male and a female are suppose to look like and be. These definitions are primarily cultural, not biological. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Fausto-Sterling#Sexing_the_Body

Wiki page: Gender Binary Subcategory: Rejection of the Gender Binary

Rejection of the Gender Binary
Modern scholars criticize and reject the standard gender binary because there is evidence that humans do not exclusively exist as “male” or “female”, but that rather a spectrum can exist. The study of intersex individuals is clearly an indication of the lack of a binary. A person can exhibit both traits that were rendered exclusive to “girl” or “boy”. Anne Fausto-Sterling suggests a classification of five sexes and a move away from the socially constructed gender binary classification of “male” and “female.” In her paper “The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough,” she exposes the existence of intersexuals, with a combination of male and female “parts,” who are seen as deviations from the norm and whom need to be “fixed” in order to maintain the two-gender system. The existence of these individuals challenges the standard gender binary and puts into question society’s role in constructing gender and sex. Fausto-Sterling indicates that modern practitioners encourage the idea that gender is a cultural construct and concludes that, “we are moving from an era of sexual dimorphism to one of variety beyond the number 2.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_binary#Rejection_of_the_Gender_Binary

The Aggressive/Energetic Egg
The human sperm cell has been accredited in scientific literature for actively penetrating the egg and causing the fertilization process to initiate, while the egg cell has been known to be the unmoving receiving end. However, Feminist scholars, such as Emily Martin and Londa Schiebinger, tell a different story of the textbook accounts of conception and the role of the egg. They “decode linguistics” and examine how gender has modeled aspects of cell biology, such as the portrayal of the sperm and the egg in fertilization. As Schiebinger writes in her book “Has Feminism Changed Science?,” “the supermatic hero actively pursues the egg, surviving the hostile environment of the vagina and defeating his many rivals. Meanwhile, the large and placid egg, like Sleeping Beauty, drifts unconsciously along the fallopian tube until awakened by a valiant sperm.” [15] Martin similarly commends that the damsel in distress passive egg waits for the active warrior sperm to torpedo his way through adverse environment of the vagina and awaken her. These, they tell, is the version that for many years scientists have been portraying. In his article, "The Aggressive Egg," Freedman describes the studies of researcher Emily Martin. This article tells a different view of the process of fertilization. The egg is revealed as a partner and active contributor to fertilization rather than the “Sleeping Beauty” of the tale. Freedman writes that Martin does not suggest that researchers have distorted the imagery. [16] Schiebinger shines light on the 1983 efforts of scientists Gerald and Hieden Schatten to revise fundamental notions of fertilization in their article titled “The Energetic Egg.” They portrayed the egg as an active agent, directing the growth of microvilli, to capture and tether the sperm bringing it to the egg. Here Gerald and Hieden Schatten portrayed the egg and sperm as “partners”, working together toward successful fertilization. [17] This version of the story reveals a different aspect of the egg’s contribution to fertilization. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation#The_Aggressive.2FEnergetic_Egg

Peer Edits by Evangelina Ruiz

Original Text: "The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough" explores the possibilities of the intersex in her alternative model of gender. Anne Fausto-Sterling proposes that a body does not necessarily have to fit into The Standard Model set by a society, but rather can possibly be categorized under the possibility of male, female, merm, ferm, and herm. She proposes this model as an alternative to the traditional male and female labeling. Edits:
 * The first sentence is structured awkwardly.
 * Introduce who wrote “The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough” and when was it published.
 * Wordy
 * Hyperlink male, female, merm, ferm, and herm
 * You should also briefly explain what male, female, merm, ferm, and herm and how it relates to the alternative model of gender
 * You might want to also give detail as to what is “tradition male and female labeling

Peer Edits by Phuongchi Nguyen

Wiki page:Sexing the Body

In chapter three of, "Of Gender and Genitals", Fausto-Sterling goes intodetails about the use and abuse of the modern intersexual. Her piece "confronts the intersex newborn."

[1] There's a lot of quoting in this section, so make sure you add your references and cite them. [2] As mentioned above, add hyperlinks to certain terms.

Wikipage: Symbols

Thus this the very process of class formation incorporated an already pre-existing condition of male dominance over women and marginalized women in the formation of symbol systems. The symbol system established the ruling elite whom were the men in power.

[1]this sentence is a bit awkward. I tried to fix it, but I wasn't quite how you wanted your point to come across.

Wikipage: The Aggressive Egg

The human sperm cell has been accredited in scientific literature for actively penetrating the egg and causing the fertilization process to initiate, while the egg cell has been known to be onthe unmoving receiving end.