User:Gshaezoll/sandbox

Black panther article contributions:

The Black Panthers adopted a womanist ideology responding to the unique experiences of African-American women, emphasizing racism as more oppressive than sexism. Womanism was a mix of black nationalism and the vindication of women, putting race and community struggle before the gender issue. Womanism posited that traditional feminism failed to include race and class struggle in its denunciation of male sexism and was therefore part of white hegemony. In opposition to some feminist viewpoints, womanism promoted a vision of gender roles: that men are not above women, but hold a different position in the home and community, so men and women must work together for the preservation of African-American culture and community.

As the birth control pill was regulated throughout the United States in the early 1960s, the role of women as birth givers preserving the livelihood of generations of children to come became stressed on African-American women. The introduction of the pill acted as an orifice for sexual liberation and autonomy for women to take control of their intimate relationships. However, members of the Black Panthers saw this as a possible hinderance to black liberation and a way of controlling black bodies. Toni Cade Bambara, a political-social activist, critiques the pill as a benefactor in limiting African-American fertility and a form of racial suicide that birth control posed as.

Henceforth, the Party newspaper portrayed women as intelligent political revolutionaries, exemplified by members such as Kathleen Cleaver, Angela Davis and Erika Huggins. The Black Panther Party newspaper often showed women as active participants in the armed self-defense movement, picturing them with children and guns as protectors of home, family and community. lou sullivan article contributions: lou sullivan article contributions:

lou sullivan article contributions:

In 1976, Sullivan suffered a severe crisis of gender identity and continued living as a feminine heterosexual woman for the next three years after being rejected by Stanford on the basis of Sullivan's self-declaration of being a gay man. As Sullivan tried to go through life masking and presenting effeminately, he came across the hardships Steve Dain, a transgender teacher formerly known as Doris Richards, experienced in newspaper spreads in 1976.

In 1978, he was shaken by the death of his youngest brother.

Dain and Sullivan were able to meet in 1979, Dain encouraging Sullivan to proceed with transitioning.

Thus, in 1979, Sullivan was finally able to find doctors and therapists who would accept his sexuality, regardless of prior university-based contradictions of prioritizing declared sexual orientation over diagnostic criteria, and began taking testosterone.

Sullivan had a double mastectomy surgery following a year later. He then left his previous job to work as an engineering technician at the Atlantic-Ritchfield Company so that he could fully embrace his new identity as a man with new co-workers. lesbian pulp fiction contributions:

lesbian pulp fiction contributions:

Between 1952 and 1957, only virile adventures were published and pro-lesbian fiction started to emerge after 1957. The cause for this surge of the new subclass was due to pro-lesbian authors reading virile adventure stories. Virile adventures were homophobic, voyeuristic, and focused on catering to the male audience.

A trend virile adventures followed near the end of their stories is a reclaiming of morality, specifically pertaining to heterosexual norms. In the Well of Loneliness (1928), one of the two main characters makes a change heart at the end of the novel to justify her harsh treatment of the other female lead by realizing that she never truly loved her. While authors and publishers were constrained with presenting ideological moral codes to their audiences, these virile adventures presented lesbianism as both temporal and unnatural. Everything would circulate back to the idea that virile adventures needed to end within the throws of heterosexuality to counteract the affects lesbianism could have had on it's audiences.

Due to their popularity, these books set the standard of what consisted of lesbian pulp fiction, accounting for about 85% of the genre. Pro-lesbian authors focused on subverting the norm with stories that weren't homophobic, focusing on the relationship between the couple and ending the story where they officially were together. Author Paula Christian described her inspiration to write during this period: "Contemporary fiction showed such instability, violence, and sensationalism...I simply wanted to show the other side." Despite how much virile adventures consisted of the genre, pro-lesbian books are the most loved and re-published in the genre.

HIV/AIDS in the United States Article contributions:

Localized Efforts
Local health educators found it upon themselves to promote modes of safe sex amongst gay men to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 1987, Les Pappas, an educator from the San Francisco AIDS Foundation (SFAF) spoke at a conference encouraging gay men to use a condom during sexual intercourse. In Pappas' speech, he takes it as the community's responsibility to educate men on using condoms, alluding to the degree of educating gay men as if they had no idea how to use condoms or were even aware of the existence of condoms at all.

Pappas saw opening the eyes of the gay community to condoms would create a successful economic "gay market" that was unprecedented for the San Francisco area. Where he saw bringing attention to buying and using condoms, Pappas also believed that seeing condom paraphernalia would make gay men embrace their sexuality more, thus practicing safer sex.