User:Guab0003/sandbox

Evaluation of a Wikipedia Article

PC game

"A PC game, also known as a computer game or personal computer game, is a type of video game played on a personal computer rather than a video game console or arcade machine."

PC game is socially known as computer game or personal computer game. it is a type of video game that is used commonly on personal computer machine rather than being used in video game consoles or arcade machine.

Assignment#4

Cyber-Bullying

Cyberbullying or cyber-harassment is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means. Cyberbullying and cyber-harassment are also known as online bullying. It has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers, as the digital sphere has expanded and technology has advanced (Smith,2008).

Cyberbullying is when a person, commonly a teenager, bullies or harasses others on the internet in either of the social media platforms. Bullying or harassment can be identified by repeated instances and usually with an intent to harm to receiving party or the victim. Cyberbullied victims experience lower self-esteem in the process, suicidal notions increased, and a lot more negative emotional response including, but not limited to, frustration, anger, depression and neglect. Harmful bullying behavior are characterized by posting rumors, threats, sexual remarks, leaking sensitive information, or labeling negative pseudonyms. Bullies do not have a particular sect, they may be relatives, family members, close contact, an acquaintance, or a stranger – anyone.

According to GDHR (Growing and Developing Healthy Relationships) of Department of Health WA [this should be a citation not included in the main text] Below are some Cyberbullying facts:

·       Every 7 seconds someone in the world is cyberbullied.

·       Approximately 50% of victims know their perpetrator (usually another student at same school).

·       Approximately 50% of victims met their perpetrator online and did not know them.

·       Both girls and boys cyberbully.

·       Girls are most likely to be perpetrators and victims.

·       Girls are most likely to spread rumors.

·       Boys are most likely to post hurtful pictures and videos.

·       Most cyberbullying occurs amongst mid-teens (ages 14-17).

·       Perpetrators of cyberbullying are generally the same age as the victim.

'Cyberbullying. How. End cyberbullying Organization has named a few common types of cyberbullying.[ see note above]'

Harassment. It involves the bully sending offensive and malicious messages to an individual or a group and is often repeated multiple times. Cyberstalking is one form of harassment that involves continual threatening and rude messages, and can lead to physical harassment in the real, offline world.

Flaming. It is similar to harassment, but it refers to an online fight exchanged via emails, instant messaging or chat rooms. It is a type of public bullying that often directs harsh languages, or images to a specific person.

Exclusion. It is the act of intentionally singling out and leaving a person out from an online group such as chats and sites. The group then subsequently leave malicious comments and harass the one they singled out.

Outing. It is when a bully shares personal and private information, pictures, or videos about someone publicly. A person is “outed” when his information has been disseminated throughout the internet.

Masquerading. It is a situation where a bully creates a fake identity to harass someone anonymously. In addition to creating a fake identity, the bully can impersonate someone else to send malicious messages to the victim.

'Cyberbullying. Where. Cyberbullying, according to endcyberbullying.org, unlike “traditional” bullying,' doesn’t just occur in the park or just outside of school. It occurs in a variety of venues and mediums in cyberspace and it occurs most often where teenagers congregate. Back when many teenagers hung out in chat rooms, most of the cyberbullying reported took place in chat rooms. With the more recent changes in technology, the youth population has been drawn to social networking sites, like Facebook, and video sharing sites, like YouTube. As a result, there has been an increase in reports of cyberbullying on social networking sites and video sharing sites. In addition, instant messaging and texting appear to be common ways in which youth are harassing others.

To everyone’s attention, it is important to know where cyberbullying occurs since we can be there to prevent it, mediate it or end it.

Not only very evident in social networking, video sharing, texting and instant messaging is the appearance of cyberbullying. But also, in portable gaming devices, in 3-D virtual worlds and social gaming sites, and in newer interactive sites and blog sites.

'Cyberbullying. Why.' It is basically an outlet for a person to let out negative feelings or notions (stemming from whatever source) by taking such feelings on other people through various means, harmful means. Using the internet where they can either hide their identity or not gives them more freedom to commit act of bullying and that we cannot discount the fact that the chances of facing consequences or any repercussions of their behavior is at minimum since regulating the internet as a whole is a hard thing to do. Being online gives you anonymity, one can hide behind his keyboard and the chance to say the most offensive things to another person to somehow steam off or bolster their own confidence and apparently with the intent to harm.

Apathy can explain why they had such bitter, rancorous feelings and perhaps deep-rooted anger that would come up in how they dealt with others. They weren’t at all sympathetic, were prone to judgment rather than empathy in more situations than none. Apathy is always key in bullying cases.

In a statistics report by firstsiteguide.com, reasons for cyberbullying are appearance 61%, academic achievement 25%, race 17%, sexuality 15%, financial status 15%, religion 11% and others 20%. Also, according to statista.com, 56% of online harassment victims reported that they had been harassed on Facebook.

Psychological impact of cyberbullying.  Cyberbullying literature suggests that victims generally manifest psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, loneliness, low self-esteem, social exclusion, school phobias and poor academic performance (DeHue et al., 2008; Juvonen and Gross, 2008; Kowalski and Limber, 2007; Grene, 2003; Juvonen et al., 2003; Rivituso, 2012; Varghese and Pistole, 2017; Na, 2014; Akcil, 2018) [good academic references but needed to be Wikpedia citation formats and not included in main text], low self-esteem, family problems, school violence and delinquent behavior (Webber and Ovedovitz, 2018), which brings them to experience suicidal thoughts as a means of escaping the torture (Ghadampour et al., 2017).

While cyberbullying is ongoing, bullied victims often relate to the world around them differently than others. They tend to feel hopelessness and emptiness. The things that they are interested to and enjoy will be less and less appealing to them as they lose self-esteem and interest. They may also feel disinterested in school. Cyberbullied victims often takes good amount of kids with absenteeism at school and poor performance. Their grades suffer, too, because they find it difficult to concentrate or study because of the anxiety and stress the bullying causes. And in some cases, kids will either drop out of school or lose interest in continuing their education after high school.

To sum it up, bullying on the internet allows an outlet for hateful dispositions to be expressed and emerge for the people harboring these mentalities.

Suicide and Cyberbulying. Every year around 750 Australian teens between the ages of 13 and 17 commit suicide because of cyber bullying, according to Anatolian news agency. Children and young people under 25 who are victims of cyberbullying are more than twice as likely to self-harm and enact suicidal behavior (John, et. Al, 2018).

Cyberbullying increases the risk of suicide (Reshetukha, 2017). Emotional pain inflicted to kids or teens that are constantly tormented by peers through either text messages, instant messaging, social media, and other outlets, tend to feel worthless and hopeless. As a result, they begin to feel like the only way to escape is through suicide. Fantasizing that ending their life is ending their torment from perpetrators.

As Cyberbullying becomes a global concern, measures to prevent it are imposed respectively. Criminal Laws and Criminal Code Acts includes Cyberbullying to fend occurrence of these acts. Say for example in South Australia. Cyber bullying may be assault under the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA) [s 20] if there is a threat by the bully that they will physically hurt the victim, and either there is a real possibility that the bully will carry out the threat or is in a position to carry out the threat and intends to do so.

Also, on the side of the Social Networking Sites, many websites, such as Facebook, removes pages and content that is offensive and can also ban cyber bullies from using the site. Facebook have also set community standards where bullying and harassment are part of. There is also abuse resources in their facebook help centre.

Cyberbullying organizations are also made available online, which makes them readily accessible to people around the world. Their main goal is to provide comfort and relief to victims of cyberbullying. Most of these are non-profit groups who have formed an alliance of professional speakers, educators, parents, victims, and others to provide education on cyberbullying and foster preventative measures. To name a few, there’s: EndCyberBullying.org (ETCB), StompOutBullying.org and StopBullying.gov

Reference List:[need to use wikipedia cite tool as above.

Smith, Peter K.; Mahdavi, Jess; Carvalho, Manuel; Fisher, Sonja; Russell, Shanette; Tippett, Neil (2008). "Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils". The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 49

http://www.keepyourchildsafe.org/bullying/where-bullying-occurs.html

F. DeHue, C. Bolman, T. VöllinkCyberbullying: youngsters' experiences and parental perception Cyberpsychol. Behav., 11 (2) (2008), pp. 217-223

R.M. Kowalski, S.P. LimberElectronic bullying among middle school children J. Adolesc. Health, 41 (2007), pp. S22-S30

M.B. GreneCounselling and climate change as treatment modalities for bullying in school Int. J. Adv. Couns., 25 (4) (2003), pp. 293-302

J. Juvonen, S. Graham, M.A. ShusterBullying among young adolescents: the strong, the weak, and the troubled Paediatrics, 112 (6) (2003), pp. 1231-1237

G. RivitusoCyberbullying: an Exploration of the Lived Experiences and the Psychological Impact of Victimization Among College Students an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis Education Doctoral Theses. Paper 21 (2012)

M.E. Varghese, M.C. PistoleCollege student cyberbullying: self-esteem, depression, loneliness, and attachment J. Coll. Couns., 20 (1) (2017), pp. 7-21

H. Na, The Effects of Cyberbullying Victimization on Psychological Adjustments Among College Students

Doctoral dissertation (2014)

S. AkcilCyberbullying-Victimization, Acculturative Stress, and Depression Among International College Students Doctoral dissertation Kent State University (2018)

M.A. Webber, A.C. OvedovitzCyberbullying among college students: a look at its prevalence at a U.S. Catholic University Int. J. Educ. Methodol., 4 (2) (2018), pp. 101-107

F. Ghadampour, M. Shafiei, H. HeidariradRelationships among cyberbullying, psychological vulnerability and suicidal thoughts in female and male students J. Res. Psychol. Health, 11 (2017), pp. 28-40

https://cyberbullying.org/cyberbullying_and_suicide_research_fact_sheet.pdf (accessed November 2020)

Ann John, Alexander Charles Glendenning, Amanda Marchant, Paul Montgomery, Anne Stewart, Sophie Wood, Keith Lloyd, Keith Hawton. Self-Harm, Suicidal Behaviours, and Cyberbullying in Children and Young People: Systematic Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2018; 20 (4): e129 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.9044

https://gdhr.wa.gov.au/-/cyberworld-cyber-bullying (accessed November 2020)

Alavi N, Reshetukha T, Prost E, et al. Relationship between Bullying and Suicidal Behaviour in Youth presenting to the Emergency Department. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(2):70-77.

https://lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch12s06s01s09.php