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Bimartisans

History of Hospitals

During the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad, the first mobile Islamic center was a tent set up by female caretaker, Rufaydah al-Asalmiyah. In 627 AD during the 27 day Battle of Khandaq, also known as the Battle of Ditch, al-Asalmiyah treated wounded soldiers under a tent. Later on, these mobile care centers would evolve from one or two tents to enormous units of medical care equipped with medicinal herbs, food, physicians, and pharmacists. The idea was to be able to better extend medical care to rural communities that lived on the outskirts of major cities. Under the Seljuq Sultanate reign of Muhammad Saljuqi, a single mobile care center required 40 camels for transportation.

List of Inventions in the Medieval Islamic World

Al Andalus (Islamic Spain)

9th-12th centuries

Urethral Stone Drill: This was created by al-Zahrawi for crushing stones that were blocking the urethra. He illustrates the tool as well as how to use it in his medical encyclopedia, al-Tasrif.

Rough-Head Scraper: Made of Indian Iron, this tool's main function was to scrape the bone. He describes its use in detail when treating fistulas in the nose.

Astronomy in the Medieval Islamic World

Instruments

Celestial Globes

The initial blueprint for a portable celestial globe to measure celestial coordinates came from Spanish Muslim astronomer Jabir ibn Aflah (d. 1145). Another skillful Muslim astronomer working on celestial globes was ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi(b. 903), whose treatise describes how to design the constellation images on the globe, as well as how to use the celestial globe. However, it was in Iraq in the 10th century that astronomer Al-Battani was working on celestial globes to record celestial data. This was different because up until then, the traditional use for a celestial globe was as an observational instrument. Al-Battani’s treatise describes in detail the plotting coordinates for 1,022 stars, as well as how the stars should be marked.

Astronomy in the Medieval Islamic World

Instruments

Quadrants

Abu Bakr ibn al-Sarah al-Hamawi (d. 1329) was a Syrian astronomer that invented a quadrant called “al-muqantarat al-yusra”. He devoted his time to writing several books on his accomplishments and advancements with quadrants and geometrical problems. His works on quadrants include Treatise on Operations with the Hidden Quadrant and Rare Pearls on Operations with the Circle for Finding Sines. These instruments could measure the altitude between a celestial object and the horizon. However, as Muslim astronomers used them, they began to find other ways to use them. For example, the mural quadrant, for recording the angles of planets and celestial bodies. Or the universal quadrant, for latitude solving astronomical problems. The horary quadrant, for finding the time of day with the sun. The almucantar quadrant, which was developed from the astrolabe.

Observatories

As observatory development continued, Islamicate scientists began to pioneer the planetarium. The major difference between a planetarium and an observatory is how the universe is projected. In an observatory, you must look up into the night sky, on the other hand, planetariums allow for universes planets and stars to project at eye-level in a room. Scientist Ibn Firnas, created a planetarium in his home that included artificial storm noises and was completely made of glass. Being the first of its kind, it very similar to what we see  for planetariums today.