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Practice Citations
A study in 1987-1988 of bilingual North Senegal communities found that the use of the Pulaar language was decreasing in the younger generation.

After the coup d’etat of the then president of Mauritania, Moktar Ould Daddah in the late 1970s, the new government threw support behind the The Associaton pour la Renaissance du Pulaar- Republique Islamique de Mauritanie (ARP-RIM), which was established to teach Pulaar literacy in Mauritania.

The Ministère de l’Éducation de Base et des Langues Nationales in 1986, (becoming the Ministère de l’Alphabétisation et des Langues Nationales in 2001) was established by the Senegal government as a means to boost the influence of the local languages of Senegal (including Pulaar) by increasing the literacy amongst its users.

Pulaar and Pular possess almost identical words for numbers, in which every number from 1-10 share the exact same name except for 5 (d͡ʒoj for Pulaar and d͡ʒowi for Pular).

There are around 28 known dialects of Pulaar in which most are mutually intelligible.

The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’

Decline of Language (paragraph)
The Pulaar language, being surrounded by other Niger-Congo languages, has led it to becoming a declining language. A 1987-1988 study of bilingual North Senegalese communities found that the use of Pulaar was decreasing in the younger generation, instead being replaced by Wolof (another West-African language) and French loan words. Joseph Hames has argued that the reason for this decline in Pulaar in favour for Wolof and French has come down to the fact that the Wolof culture and Senegalese identity are strongly related. In Western Africa, Wolof language is often used in "major pop cultural and entertainment products and radio broadcast content". Hames claims that the prevalence of Wolof in Senegalese culture as well as the lack of government intervention to maintain Pulaar as a contemporary language has led to its decline.

Answers to Module 7 Questions
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Draft section
The Associaton pour la Renaissance du Pulaar- Republique Islamique de Mauritanie (ARP-RIM), which was established to teach Pulaar literacy in Mauritania, received more government support and aid after the coup d’etat of the then president of Mauritania, Moktar Ould Daddah in the late 1970s. The programs which the ARP-RIM participated in included campaigns to increase Pulaar literacy, this was done by creating more radio programmes which taught the local languages of Mauritania, which included Pulaar. As well as this, the ARP-RIM, focused on applying the Pulaar language to primary education, allocated Pulaar teachers to public schools in Mauritania. The efforts to revive Pulaar in Mauritania were diminished after the 1984 coup d’etat of then president of Mauritania, Mohamaed Khouna Ould Haidilla, by Colonel Maaouya Ould Sid’Ahmed Taya.[1] In response to the coup d’etat, the Manifesto of the Oppressed Black Mauritian was published in 1986 which criticized the perceived power and influence of the Arab minority in Mauritania. After the publishing of this manifesto, crackdowns by the government against Pulaar speaker and teachers increased. Political imprisonments against the Pulaar people increased, notably Djigo Tafsirou, who was a Pulaar language activist, was arrested and died in detention.[2] [1] https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/13/world/mauritania-coup-ousts-president.html )

[2] Hames, J. (2017). The People Who Stand up for Pulaar Activism and Language Loyalty Politics in Senegal and Mauritania (Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, 2017) (pp. 1-275). Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida.

[1] Diallo, I. (2005). Language planning, language-in-education policy, and attitudes towards languages in Senegal (Doctoral dissertation, Griffith University, 2006) (pp. 1-336). Queensland: Griffith University. doi:10.25904/1912/1429