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What are elements and compounds? An element is the simplest form of matter made of atoms that are the same and can never be broken down while a compound is a combination of two or more elements that have undergone a chemical reaction. Give examples of compounds and elements. Elements include; copper, gold, hydrogen and uranium compounds, brass, water, glass. List four major types of organic compounds? Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and alcohols. What determines the primary structure of a protein? The sequence and shape of the amino acids. State two functions of proteins. They are structural parts of the body. They allow biochemical reactions in the body. Identify three parts of a nucleotide? The nitrogenous group, the pentose group, and the phosphate group. Identify the roles of reactants and products in chemical reactions. Reactants initiate the chemical reactions while products finalize the reaction. What the general chemical equation for an endothermic reaction? Reactants + Heat → Products. What are biochemical reactions? A reaction that occurs inside a cell and can transform a molecule into a different molecule.example? Breaking down of glucose in the human body to release energy. How do enzymes speed up biochemical reactions? Enzymes lower the activation energy needed to start the chemical reaction increases the biochemical reaction in the process. Where is most of the earth’s water found? The ocean. What is polarity? A characteristic that creates opposite physical effects on a system. Describe the polarity of water? Water is partially negative because of the oxygen ions and partially negative because of the hydrogen ions. What is the PH of a neutral solution? 7 Describe an example of an acid and base used involved in chemical digestion? The gastric acid used in the breakdown of proteins in the body while Amylase in the mouth helps in the breakdown of sugars.

Digestion of proteins in the human body. The proteins are first mechanically broken down in the mouth by chewing to increase the surface area for reaction. It travels through the gullet into the stomach where the conditions are normally acidic. The acid denatures the proteins further to ensure that pepsin enzyme breaks the bonds of the protein peptide bonds. (Wiśniewski, and Rakus, 2014). This creates a chain of amino acids called polypeptides that are later moved into the small intestines for further digestion. Trypsin in the stomach walls s responsible for changing milk into cud. In the small intestines, pancreatic juices from the pancreas break the polypeptides further. They do this by using enzymes like trypsin and carboxypeptidase that come through the duodenum to the microvilli in the small intestines. Here hydrolyzation of peptide bonds continues to form less complex peptides. (Wiśniewski, and Rakus, 2014). Enzymes allow the complete breakdown of all the peptides into amino acids. Amino acids are smaller in size and can be absorbed into the bloodstream hence providing protein nutrients to the body. (Wiśniewski, and Rakus, 2014). The rest of the excess protein passes to the colon inform of waste. Reference. Wiśniewski, J. R., &Rakus, D. (2014).Multi-enzyme digestion FASP and the ‘Total Protein Approach’-based absolute quantification of the Escherichia coli proteome.Journal of Proteomics, 109, 322-331.