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Resource Subsidy
Resource subsidy, manifested as nutrients, matter, or organisms, is the flux of energy across ecosystem boundaries. The allochthonous inputs of resources can influence individual growth, species abundance and diversity, community structure, secondary productivity and food web dynamics. Separate from cross-ecosystem predator-prey interactions, resource subsidies supplement the productivity of the recipient species with little to no effect on the source. As a result, resource subsidies are donor-controlled and independent of the recipient consumer or productivity of the recipient habitat.

The abundance and rate of resource subsidy fluxes are mediated by retention and permeability of ecotones and modified by both physical and biotic factors. Recipient habitats differentially respond to the influx of resource subsidies, experiencing the largest effect when comparable resources are low. Similarly, the effect of subsidies fluctuate across and within taxonomic and functional feeding groups. However the effect of subsidy fluxes are volatile due to episodic changes or seasonal cycles in recipient habitats. Cross-ecosystem resource subsidy flows between terrestrial and stream environments are one of the most well studied forms of subsidies.

Aquatic Subsidies
Aquatic subsidies vary spatially and include resources provided from streams to terrestrial areas, from upstream to downstream (or vice versa), and from marine environments to streams.

Subsidies from downstream sources are more common, but not significantly more important than upstream sources. They both provide vital nutrients and energy to ecosystem functions and link interactions between species. Downstream subsidies are characterized by enormous masses of fine particles generated from organism activities that bolster primary productivity and food webs. Likewise, upstream subsidies are generally marine derived fish spawnings (i.e. salmon) that contribute nutrients from carcasses, which support productivity in oligotrophic systems and energy to terrestrial food webs.

The emergence of adult aquatic insects from streams is one of the most distinct and well studied forms of aquatic subsidies. They supply 25-100% of the energy or carbon to riparian spcies, such as spiders, bats, birds, and lizards. Emergence typicaly peaks in the summer of temperate zones, prompting predators to aggregate and forage along riparian and stream boundaries. In addition, algae and fine organic matter washed up from high flows provide resource to herbivorous species and for plant germination, respectively.

Terrestrial Subsidies
Subsidizing in stream metabolism by terrestrial resources have identified the role and importance of terrestrial invertebrates and introduced organic matter.

Drift feeding fish rely on falling terrestrial invertebrates for approximately half their annual energy budget. Variation in the flux of terrestrial invertebrates is dependent on the weather, time – annual and daily – and the riparian architecture. Warmer and more humid temperatures, generally associated with summer and early fall, facilitate greater invertebrate activity and thus larger subsidies, whereas wet seasons reduce the flux of terrestrial invertebrates. While the input of terrestrial invertebrates is greatest during the afternoon and evening of days. Finally, riparian zones composed of closed canopy deciduous vegetation account for higher density and diversity of ﬁshes, due to the greater supply of terrestrial invertebrates.

Terrestrial leaf litter, wood inputs and deposition of pollen are important organic matter sources that augment benthic invertebrate productivity. In particular, these terrestrial subsidies are vital for detritivores and shredders and control their population sizes. Benthic invertebrate communities respond swiftly to changes in the supply of organic matter; the absence of litter stocks led to a drastic decline in productivity and predators in the temperate stream system. Furthermore, provision of organic matter may increase productivity and create hypoxic conditions in streams; however, this is typically uncommon given the high turnover and low residence time of water. In the Mara River basin, though, substantial rates of organic matter and nutrient loading by hippopotami characterize subsidy overloads in hippo pools, stimulate anoxic conditions approximately three times a year, and cause multiple fish kill events.