User:HAIBA TOURS

Egypt's history has been long and wealthy, thanks to the flow of the Nile with its fertile banks and delta, also because of the accomplishments of Egypt's native inhabitants and doors influence. Much of Egypt's ancient history was a mystery until Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered with the invention and help of the Rosetta stone. Among the Seven Wonders of the traditional World, is that the Pyramid of Giza. The Library of Alexandria was the sole one among its kind for hundreds of years.

Ancient Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the primary pharaoh of the primary Dynasty, Narmer. Predominantly native Egyptian rule lasted until the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire within the sixth century BC.

In 332 BC, Macedonian ruler Alexander the good conquered Egypt as he toppled the Achaemenids and established the Hellenistic Ptolemaic Kingdom, whose first ruler was one among Alexander's former generals, Ptolemy I Soter. The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the dominion and its final annexation by Rome. The death of Cleopatra ended the nominal independence of Egypt leading to Egypt's becoming one of the provinces of the Roman Empire.

Roman rule out Egypt (including Byzantine) lasted from 30 BC to 641 AD, with a quick interlude of control by the Sasanian Empire between 619–629, referred to as Sasanian Egypt.[1] After the Muslim conquest of Egypt, parts of Egypt became provinces of successive Caliphates and other Muslim dynasties: Rashidun Caliphate (632-661), Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), Abbasid Caliphate (750–935), Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171), Ayyubid Sultanate (1171–1260), and therefore the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517). In 1517, Ottoman sultan Selim I captured Cairo, absorbing Egypt into the Ottoman Empire.

Egypt remained entirely Ottoman until 1867, except during French occupation from 1798 to 1801.[2] Starting in 1867, Egypt became a nominally autonomous tributary state called the Khedive of Egypt. However, Khedivate Egypt fell under British control in 1882 following the Anglo-Egyptian War. After the top of war I and following the Egyptian revolution of 1919, the dominion of Egypt was established. While a de jure independent state, the UK retained control over foreign affairs, defense, and other matters. British occupation lasted until 1954, with the Anglo-Egyptian agreement of 1954.

The modern Republic of Egypt was founded in 1953, and with the entire withdrawal of British forces from the Suez Canal in 1956, it marked the primary time in 2500 years that Egypt was both fully independent and ruled by native Egyptians. President Gamal Abdel Nasser (president from 1956 to 1970) introduced many reforms and created the short-lived United Arab Republic (with Syria). His terms also saw the Six-Day War and therefore the creation of the international Non-Aligned Movement. His successor, Sadat (president from 1970 to 1981) changed Egypt's trajectory, departing from many of the political, and economic tenets of Nasserism, re-instituting a multi-party system, and launching the Infitah policy. He led Egypt within the Yom Kippur War of 1973 to regain Egypt's Sinai, which Israel had occupied since the Six-Day War of 1967. This later led to the Egypt–Israel peace.

Recent Egyptian history has been dominated by events following nearly thirty years of rule by the previous president Mubarak. The Egyptian revolution of 2011 deposed Mubarak and resulted in the first democratically elected president in Egyptian history, Mohamed Morsi. Unrest after the 2011 revolution and related disputes led to the 2013 Egyptian coup.