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Other risk factors and prevention
Caffeine appears protective with a greater decrease in risk occurring with a larger intake of caffeinated beverages such as coffee. Studies have identified an association between methamphetamine use and PD risk; studies have found contradictory results regarding alcohol use and PD.

Exercise in middle age may reduce the risk of PD later in life. There were studies done regarding how physical activity (exercise) prevents parkinsons. The results of these studies have shown us a 34% reduction in parkinsons disease risk amongst individuals who perform moderate to vigorous physical activity. The potential benefits of exercise in individuals with parkinsons disease is an area that is investigated on.

Increased dairy consumption is a risk factor, potentially due to heptachlor epoxide contamination or urate-depleting effects.

Antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, have been proposed to protect against the disease, but results of studies have been contradictory and no positive effect has been shown. The results regarding fat and fatty acids have been contradictory. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and calcium channel blockers may be protective. A 2010 meta-analysis found that NSAIDs (apart from aspirin), have been associated with at least a 15% (higher in long-term and regular users) reduction in the incidence of the development of PD. As microglial activation coincides with PD's neurodegeneration, it has been suggested that NSAIDs may suppress pro-inflammatory microglial responses. Subsequent studies have reported conflicting results. meta-analyses have failed to confirm this link. Multiple studies have demonstrated a link between the use of ibuprofen and a decreased risk of Parkinson's development.