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Chemical and medicational
Multi-decade studies have identified an increased likelihood of Parkinson's in association with agricultural work, pesticide exposure, and rural habitation. Moreover, chlorinated solvents—used in various commercial and industrial application like dry cleaning and degreasing—are also associated with increased PD risk, particularly trichloroethylene. Carbon disulfide is another risk factor, and has been identified in industrial worker case studies and has induced parkinsonism in mice. Manganese, which has induced Parkinson's-like pathology in mice, is also associated with a higher risk. Welders are at a higher PD risk, tentatively from manganese fumes. Moreover, exposure to suspended particles from traffic fumes is also associated with PD.

Medical drugs are implicated in parkinsonism. Drug-induced parkinsonism is normally reversible by stopping the offending agent, such as phenothiazines (chlorpromazine, promazine, etc.); butyrophenones (haloperidol, benperidol, etc.); metoclopramide and Tetrabenazine. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a drug known for causing irreversible parkinsonism that is commonly used in animal-model research. Low concentrations of urate in the blood are associated with an increased risk.

Psychological
Behavioral and psychological factors have also been associated with risk of PD. For example, a meta-analysis found that neuroticism was associated with higher risk of incident PD. Similarly, in a sample of about a half million individuals found that adults who reported being lonely had a greater risk of developing PD over a 15 years of follow-up.

Biological
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are strongly implicated as risk factors for PD. Possibly due to the recurrent head impacts, playing American football for a longer period and at higher levels is associated with higher PD risk. Veterans are also at a higher risk. Proposed mechanisms by which TBIs could induce or accelerate Parkinson's include alpha-synuclein accumulation, inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation.

Vascular parkinsonism is the phenomenon of the presence of Parkinson's disease symptoms combined with findings of vascular events (such as a cerebral stroke). The damaging of the dopaminergic pathways is similar in cause for both vascular parkinsonism and idiopathic PD, and so present with similar symptoms. Differentiation can be made with careful bedside examination, history evaluation, and imaging.

A possible link exists between PD and Helicobacter pylori infection that can prevent the absorption of some drugs, including levodopa.

https://watermark.silverchair.com/ns-2017-0166c.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAABGUwggRhBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggRSMIIETgIBADCCBEcGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM6vPBHhosYAEZsDyuAgEQgIIEGMAJHPRDasXTFVZjDSjWtmVaC7x703f1EKwvC11if78O4bgCzbTnBjyuj72_DKMr0-lMfYhVtZdJQQ5zZ_4LA1Chr-ynpAKAhRp8KQ-Fk_R7WQfXICzrevJ8cYEtdZULYWqgUQJY54xhd48F5ItUFXK-HGAYpC4D9y0xJGTuBTkitWrcskXkBT6QM7m_HXq8QhLYhYbCZZ_SZbxXuChUeHZkne6yJMdX8EDtjoPGjKzuUyHKW4V05nlNJYnulr708bk398CWi0mlGvGLIla2iKw1w75hxa1YcQ50i7p_2XS3b1Lleu6eY0XiQwetO5TEYMg9Q4_B6uYemEQCPkUCtrfXzsb9G5njebWpZ7vr7xzfXa0NyNxw0NnfuZt6s5hx1LJEt6tk4_VoviWpqaEXpzT1EFQLXVk2frTRtEUscReiXax2YpdztSwhqI5x0U1xwNOT_WM5_po-MrkTxsGcmalY9RMWQcnYye3kXU8J7T_RZFQ8J2rYcVtXona5ftR6RmEELPLlBJxY08TZDLPm9k0D_cvQ_ni-wSA9nP0gh31ZctXeuFENgyoCKxWWa9QHBWs5GyOVNewt9qVL3DWxOeztBOEhQrFDbcQ9cqtYWVAv67E__0oKhIuLMUai7qIeQC5ifAfT1szyPAlAbZijGIISXRFOpPF4lqSz-pP9KkvglFX7ia1glp-ms9XvEZ7EpfggiyBbzld36Rtvy-JS1KRiBqvPmFVx5a2glH_NCsljjt8qNhcFSfI_5ePcHm9xHJz54Ehc-k1oWzFTjmdhP_iAx4QStpSMTML5utHkkANv6ItSsn8VpSBysbGuP3cwEcFI_xjI1np6VR1wPfzau2fTJHU_XFnYWG5PtZQ9VAXgDL_52z_-rluPgS_chERs-sjXBKWtakq96XDr5NeBFc4BkZvnvi5LqT_Q4m8dUOA4KlMBAxTPNQbWey9Zel1sZHB0oaGVTEUjExcS3us4hc6DwXNeO3P7Nk4g9Jst_w4QAcHE9KU8Yz6PQdAdYR5kHOEgwDhA8B_JmUtILtTXjezve3od83WFbVcIBxwyFAWansyx2OP2QkHmpxFU2FuFFZGnVcMx2PcwxiANwncFQP2sbxkv_sWC1EIaT3aJ8yMZbHoFzvPTg9NCQK-zKNED4QW9s6b9ODrGm9FgS_muUyNfosiix9Lh9pzdaIyACcN-2tCo7f-58OUWtcxdvbi6jIxyf_fk9g-BXlhcbpCxy9WQHDOJiEVlp14vFhfF7r1_Fo5eoeUmK01htRWlPvDedLNYXB-Ysfrm-eifIbtJHZnDQUg3HLwv4I7KaB-rjHkZOQFKePI4rPF86QdxUKeh9O2WL017zk40C06eqFOCOGHoty8YZYkJioCwIdwDMslIeDfFoa_oMd8