User:HYC/Numbers

San José, California
Geographic coordinates: latitude 37°18′15″N, longitude 121°52′22″W

Time zone: UTC-8

Sunrise and sunset
Vernal and autumnal equinoxes:
 * sunrise: due east
 * sunset: due west
 * maximum elevation at noon: 53 degrees in the southern sky.

Summer solstice:
 * sunrise (05:47 PDT): east-northeast (azimuth 60 degrees)
 * sunset (20:31 PDT): west-northwest (azimuth 300 degrees)
 * maximum elevation at noon: 76 degrees above the southern horizon.

Winter solstice:
 * sunrise (07:18 PST): about 30 degrees south of due east
 * sunset (16:54 PST): about 30 degrees south of due west
 * maximum elevation at noon: 30 degrees above the southern horizon.

Sources:  20060906.

Cost of Gasoline
Approximate figures (reference -- Arizona 2004):
 * 1) Crude Oil cost: 37%
 * 2) Refining cost: 32%
 * 3) State and federal taxes: 27%
 * 4) Dealer costs: 5%

Source: Archive dated 20041206

Mobility
Mail addresses in the U.S.A. change at a rate of 17% per year. In the USPS databases, there are approximately 40 million records of permanent address changes every year. (Sources accessed 20070711)

Waste
"As of 2005, individuals, businesses and institutions in the United States produced more than 245 million tons of municipal solid waste, according to the E.P.A. That means about 4.5 pounds per person per day." -- New York Times, article "Not Buying It", published 20070621 (login required).

See also:
 * Susan Strasser. Waste and Want: A Social History of Trash.  New York: Metropolitan Books, 1999.  ISBN 0-8050-4830-8.  Review: NYT.  Links accessed 20070711 (login required).

Generation Length
Studies on human generation length:
 * Cross-cultural:    Male 31-32; Female 25-28; Autosomal 28-30.  (Fenner 2005)
 * Icelandic database: Male 31.93; Female 28.72.                  (Helgason 2003)
 * Quebec study:      Male 35.0;  Female 28.7;  Average 31.7.     (Temblay 2000)

Anedoctal evidence:
 * Ancestry.com: Male ~34; Female 29 (Devine 2005)

Sources: Fenner ; Helgason, Temblay, Devine ; accessed 20080704.

Earth

 * Mean radius: 6,371.0 km (equatorial radius: 6,378.1 km; polar radius: 6,356.8 km)
 * Surface area: 510,065,600 km²
 * Land: 148,939,100 km² (29.2 %)
 * Water: 361,126,400 km² (70.8 %)
 * Mean height of continents: 686 m
 * Mean depth of oceans: 3,794 m
 * Mass of the oceans: ca. 1.35 metric tons (about 1/4400 of the total mass of the Earth)
 * Volume of the oceans: 1.386 km³

Carbon Cycle
Data:
 * Concentration of CO2 in atmosphere: 380ppm by volume in 2006 (350ppm in 1987; 315ppm in 1958).
 * Note: The Keeling curve is expressed on a H2O-free basis


 * Average atmospheric pressure: about 101.325 kPa (at sea level).
 * Global mean total surface pressure is 98.550 kPa


 * Average mass of Earth's atmosphere: 5.1480 kg
 * (about 5,000 trillion metric tons, or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth).
 * Mean mass of water vapor: estimated as 1.27 kg
 * Dry air mass: estimated as 5.1352 ±0.0003 kg


 * Mean molar mass of air: 28.97 g/mol

Calculations:
 * Concentration of CO2 by mass: 380 ppm × (44/28.97) = 577 ppm by mass
 * Mass of CO2 in atmosphere: 5.1352 kg × 577 ppm = 2.964 kg of CO2
 * Mass of carbon in atmosphere: 5.1352 kg × 577 ppm × (12/44) = 8.083 kg of C
 * Average yearly increase of C in atmosphere: 2.880 kg of C = 1.056 kg CO2 (1958 to 2006)
 * Average world population (1958-2006): 4,663,426,855
 * Share per capita of annual increase of atmospheric carbon (1958-2006): 617.6 kg C =2264.4 kg CO2
 * which translates to 1.69 kg C or 6.20 kg CO2 per day per person
 * which is equivalent to the carbon in 0.70 gallons of gasoline (1 gallon contains 2421 g C)

See also:
 * Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere
 * Carbon dioxide sink
 * Volcanic Gases

Sources accessed: 20071012

Mercury Numbers
Elemental mercury:
 * Vapor pressure at 37 C: 0.005mg of mercury
 * Absorption: 75% of inhaled mercury; 0.1% to 10% of ingested mercury
 * WHO's recommended limit (industrial threshold): 25 μg/m3 of Hg vapor in the air (40h/week)
 * NOAEL for general public: 5 μg/m3 (continuous exposure); for children and pregnant women: 1 μg/m3

Mercury content:
 * CFL: 4mg Hg
 * T12 Fluorescent lamps: 20mg Hg
 * Glass thermometers: 500mg Hg
 * Dental amalgam capsules: 100 to 1000mg

Sources accessed: 20080416

VHF Channels (30-300 MHz)

 * 55-72 and 77-88 MHZ – TV channels 2 - 6 ("Band I" = 48-88 MHz)
 * Channel 1 (44-50 MHz in 1946-1948): band reassigned to fixed and mobile services
 * Channel 2 = 54-60 MHz
 * Channel 3 = 60-66 MHz
 * Channel 4 = 66-72 MHz
 * Channel 5 = 76-82 MHz
 * Channel 6 = 82-88 MHz


 * 87.5-108 MHz – FM radio ( = "Band II")
 * 175-216 MHZ – TV channels 7 - 13 ("Band III" = 174 to 230 MHz)
 * Channel 7 = 174-180 MHz
 * Channel 8 = 180-186 MHz
 * Channel 9 = 186-192 MHz
 * Channel 10 = 192-198 MHz
 * Channel 11 = 198-204 MHz
 * Channel 12 = 204-210 MHz
 * Channel 13 = 210-216 MHz

UHF Channels (300-3000 MHz)

 * 470–512 MHz: TV channels 14–20
 * 512–698 MHz: TV channels 21–51
 * *Channel 34 used sometimes for radar
 * *Channel 37 used for radio astronomy


 * 698–806 MHz: TV channels 52–69 (auctioned in March 2008; for use in digital TV by February 2009)
 * 806–824 MHz: TV channels 70–72 => Pagers
 * 824–849 MHz: TV channels 73–77 => AMPS A & B franchises, terminal (mobile phone)
 * 849–869 MHz: TV channels 77–80 => Public safety 2-way (fire, police, ambulance)
 * 869–894 MHz: TV channels 80–83 => AMPS A & B franchises, base station
 * *One translator is still in use on channel 83.

DTV Channels
Digital television uses virtual channel numbers, which differs from the actual (physical) radio frequency (RF) channel number used, through remapping. Since DTV can carry multiple programs simultaneously, virtual channels may also map out subchannels (e.g. 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, etc., for channel 7).
 * Channels 1-99: program channels
 * Channels 100-999: data channels

Cable TV Channels

 * Subband CATV Channels (used for cable television headends and cable modems):
 * Channels T-7 – T-14: 7-53 MHz

Note: Digital cable channels are often numbered starting at 100 or 200, but these are virtual channel numbers and do not correspond to used frequencies.
 * Lowband: Channels 1-6: 55-90 MHz (same as broadcast television)
 * Midband: Channels 95-99: 91-120 MHz (same frequencies as FM radio)
 * Midband: Channels 14-22: 121-174 MHz
 * Highband: Channels 7-13: 175-216 MHz (same as broadcast television)
 * Superband: Channels 23-36: 217-300 MHz
 * Hyperband: Channels 37-64: 301-468 MHz
 * Ultraband: Channels 65-94: 469-648 MHz
 * Jumboband: Channels 100-158: 649-1002 MHz