User:Hadoooookin/beowulf


 * 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica
 * Encyclopedia of Modern Asia

/glbb --/gnuarson


 * China Economic Databases (CED)
 * /China as an emerging superpower (mirror)

Images/wikify/FA-target/navigability & build.the.web ___ google search

External links

China has a Country Study located here and a 2006 August ***profile here***. Use the public domain studies as part of WikiProject Library of Congress to add information about China to Wikipedia. The following is a list of sections in the study. Strike the section to certify that all information in the section is either not useful or has been included in Wikipedia. List articles under the section where you have used information from the section.

China Profile sections

 * Historical Background
 * Geography
 * Society
 * Economy
 * Foreign aid to China
 * Transportation and Telecommunications
 * Government and Politics
 * National Security
 * Law enforcement in the People's Republic of China

China Country Study sections: NOT DONE
A Country Study: China Library of Congress Call Number DS706 .C489 1988

* China * Foreword * Acknowledgments * Table A. Chronology of Chinese Dynasties Dynasties in Chinese history * Country Profile - Visit new updated Profile (PDF) o Country o Geography o Society o Economy o Transportation and Communications o Government and Politics o National Security (ATTENTION: MOST NEGLECTED) * Introduction

Chapter 1: NOT DONE
* Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Rinn-Sup Shinn and Robert L. Worden) o The Ancient Dynasties + The Dawn of History + The Zhou Period + The Hundred Schools of Thought o The Imperial EraI + The First Imperial Period + Era of Disunity + Restoration of Empire + Mongolian Interlude + The Chinese Regain Power + The Rise of the Manchus o Emergence of Modern China + The Western Powers Arrive + The Opium War, 1839-42 + The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-64 + The Self-Strengthening Movement + The Hundred Days' Reform and the Aftermath + The Republican Revolution of 1911 o Republican China + Nationalism and Communism # Opposing the Warlords # Consolidation under the Guomindang # Rise of the Communists + Anti-Japanese War + Return to Civil War o The People's Republic of China + The Transition to Socialism, 1953-57 + The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60 + Readjustment and Recovery, 1961-65 + The Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76 # The Militant Phase, 1966-68 # The Ninth National Party Congress to the Demise of Lin Biao, 1969-71 # End of the Era of Mao Zedong, 1972-76 + The Post-Mao Period, 1976-78 + China and the Four Modernizations, 1979-82

Chapter 2
* Chapter 2 - Physical Environment and Population (Michael L. Waddle) Geography of the People's Republic of China o Physical Environment Geography of the People's Republic of China + Boundaries Geography of the People's Republic of China + Terrain and Drainage Geography of the People's Republic of China + Climate Geography of the People's Republic of China + Wildlife Geography of the People's Republic of China o Population Demographics of the People's Republic of China + The Data Base Demographics of the People's Republic of China + Mortality and Fertility Demographics of the People's Republic of China + Population Control Programs Demographics of the People's Republic of China + Density and Distribution Demographics of the People's Republic of China + Migration Migration in China # Internal Migration in China # Urbanization Urbanization in China # Emigration and Immigration Chinese emigration + Minority Nationalities Ethnic groups of China # Demographic Overview Ethnic groups of China # Policy Ethnic groups of China + Labor Force Economy of the People's Republic of China + Health Care Public health in the People's Republic of China; Healthcare system reform in the People's Republic of China

Chapter 3
* Chapter 3 - The Social System (Donald R. DeGlopper) Society of the People's Republic of China o Ethnic Boundaries Society of the People's Republic of China o Han Diversity and Unity Society of the People's Republic of China o Traditional Society and Culture Society of the People's Republic of China + Diffusion of Values Society of the People's Republic of China + The Confucian Legacy Society of the People's Republic of China + Traditional Social Structure Society of the People's Republic of China + The Examination System Society of the People's Republic of China + Social Stratification Society of the People's Republic of China + Stratification and Families Society of the People's Republic of China + Social Mobility Society of the People's Republic of China o Social Change Society of the People's Republic of China o Differentiation Society of the People's Republic of China + The Work Place Society of the People's Republic of China + Communist Party Membership Society of the People's Republic of China + Urban-Rural Distinctions Society of the People's Republic of China + Regional Distinctions Society of the People's Republic of China o Common Patterns Society of the People's Republic of China + Work Units Society of the People's Republic of China + Wages and Benefits Society of the People's Republic of China + Informal Mechanisms of Exchange Society of the People's Republic of China o Rural Society Rural society in the People's Republic of China + Collectivization and Class Status Rural society in the People's Republic of China + Decollectivization Rural society in the People's Republic of China + The Role of the Household Rural society in the People's Republic of China + Consequences of Rural Reform Rural society in the People's Republic of China + Regulations and Favors Rural society in the People's Republic of China + Family and Household Rural society in the People's Republic of China + Marriage Rural society in the People's Republic of China + Community Structure Rural society in the People's Republic of China o Urban Society Urban society in the People's Republic of China + Distinctive Features Urban society in the People's Republic of China + Housing Urban society in the People's Republic of China + Families and Marriage Urban society in the People's Republic of China + Providing for the Next Generation Urban society in the People's Republic of China + Opportunities and Competition Urban society in the People's Republic of China + Examinations, Hereditary Transmission of Jobs, and Connections Urban society in the People's Republic of China o Women Women in the People's Republic of China o Religion Society of the People's Republic of China o Trends and Tensions Society of the People's Republic of China

Chapter 4
* Chapter 4 - Education and Culture (Andrea Matles Savada and Ronald E. Dolan) Education in the People's Republic of China o Education Policy Education in the People's Republic of China o The Education System Education in the People's Republic of China + New Directions Education in the People's Republic of China + Compulsory Education Law Education in the People's Republic of China + Key Schools Education in the People's Republic of China o Primary Education Education in the People's Republic of China + Primary Schools Education in the People's Republic of China + Preschool Education Education in the People's Republic of China + Special Education Education in the People's Republic of China o Secondary Education Education in the People's Republic of China + Middle Schools Education in the People's Republic of China + Vocational and Technical Schools Education in the People's Republic of China o Higher Education Education in the People's Republic of China + Background Education in the People's Republic of China + Modernization Goals in the 1980s Education in the People's Republic of China # Entrance Examinations and Admission Criteria Education in the People's Republic of China # Changes in Enrollment and Assignment Policies Education in the People's Republic of China # Scholarship and Loan System Education in the People's Republic of China # Study Abroad Education in the People's Republic of China + Educational Investment Education in the People's Republic of China o Teachers Education in the People's Republic of China o Adult Education Education in the People's Republic of China + Role in Modernization Education in the People's Republic of China + Alternative Forms Education in the People's Republic of China + Literacy and Language Reform Education in the People's Republic of China o Policy Toward Intellectuals Chinese intellectualism + Background Chinese intellectualism + Post-Mao Development Chinese intellectualism o Culture and the Arts Culture of the People's Republic of China + Traditional Literature Culture of the People's Republic of China # Classics Culture of the People's Republic of China # Early Prose Culture of the People's Republic of China # Early Poetry Culture of the People's Republic of China # Later Prose Culture of the People's Republic of China # Modern Prose Culture of the People's Republic of China + Literature in the Post-Mao Period Culture of the People's Republic of China + Traditional Arts Culture of the People's Republic of China # Drama Culture of the People's Republic of China # Music Culture of the People's Republic of China # Painting and Calligraphy Culture of the People's Republic of China + Contemporary Performing Arts Culture of the People's Republic of China # Motion Pictures Culture of the People's Republic of China # Radio and Television Culture of the People's Republic of China # Folk and Variety Arts Culture of the People's Republic of China + Publishing Culture of the People's Republic of China # Background Culture of the People's Republic of China # Newspapers Newspapers of the People's Republic of China + Libraries and Archives Libraries in the People's Republic of China; Archives in the People's Republic of China

Chapter 5
* Chapter 5 - Economic Context (Thomas R. Gottschang) Economic reform in the People's Republic of China o General Nature of the Economy Economic history of the People's Republic of China o Economic Policies, 1949-80 Economic history of the People's Republic of China + Recovery from War, 1949-52 Economic history of the People's Republic of China + The First Five-Year Plan, 1953-57 Economic history of the People's Republic of China + The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60 Economic history of the People's Republic of China + Readjustment and Recovery: "Agriculture First," 1961-65 Economic history of the People's Republic of China + Events During the Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76 Economic history of the People's Republic of China # High Tide of the Cultural Revolution, 1966-68 Economic history of the People's Republic of China # Resumption of Systematic Growth, 1970-74 Economic history of the People's Republic of China # The Gang of Four, 1974-76 Economic history of the People's Republic of China + The Post-Mao Interlude, 1976-78 Economic history of the People's Republic of China + Reform of the Economic System, Beginning in 1979 Economic history of the People's Republic of China # The Period of Readjustment, 1979-81 Economic history of the People's Republic of China # Reform and Opening, Beginning in 1982 Economic history of the People's Republic of China o Structure and Operation of the Economy + Roles of the Government and the Party Economy of the People's Republic of China + The Two Major Sectors: Agriculture and Industry Economy of the People's Republic of China # Agriculture History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China # Industry Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Other Important Sectors Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Planning Economic history of the People's Republic of China + The Budget Economic reform in the People's Republic of China + The Banking System History of banking in China + Prices Economic history of the People's Republic of China # Determination of Prices Economic history of the People's Republic of China # The Role of Prices Economic history of the People's Republic of China # Problems in Price Policy Economic history of the People's Republic of China # Inflation Economic history of the People's Republic of China o Living Standards Standard of living in the People's Republic of China + Progress since 1949 Standard of living in the People's Republic of China # Food Standard of living in the People's Republic of China # Clothing Standard of living in the People's Republic of China # Consumer Goods Standard of living in the People's Republic of China # Housing Standard of living in the People's Republic of China + Income Distribution Standard of living in the People's Republic of China o Potential for Achieving National Goals Economic history of the People's Republic of China

Chapter 6
* Chapter 6 - Agriculture (Frederick W. Crook) History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China o Resources Endowment History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China o Agricultural Policies History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + The 1950s History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Importance of Agriculture Recognized History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Recovery History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Post-Mao Policies History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China o Planning and Organization History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China o Operational Methods and Inputs History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Cropping Patterns History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Fertilizer History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Mechanization History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Water Conservancy History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Pest Control History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Seed Varieties History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Agricultural Science History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China o Production History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Crops History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Animal Husbandry History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Forestry History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Fishery History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China + Sideline Production History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China o Agricultural Trade History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China

Chapter 7
* Chapter 7 - Industry (Michael L. Waddle) Industrial history of the People's Republic of China o Trends in Industrial Production Industrial history of the People's Republic of China o Organization Industrial history of the People's Republic of China o Geographic Distribution of Industry Industrial history of the People's Republic of China o Level of Technology Industrial history of the People's Republic of China o Supplies of Industrial Resources Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Capital Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Labor Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Raw Materials Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Energy Industrial history of the People's Republic of China o Manufacturing Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Iron and Steel Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Machine Building Industrial history of the People's Republic of China # Machine Tools Industrial history of the People's Republic of China # Electric Power Equipment Industrial history of the People's Republic of China # Transportation Equipment Industrial history of the People's Republic of China # Metallurgical Equipment Industrial history of the People's Republic of China # Electronics Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Chemicals Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Building Materials Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Paper Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Textiles Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Food Processing Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Other Consumer Goods Industrial history of the People's Republic of China o Construction Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Housing Construction Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Capital Construction Industrial history of the People's Republic of China o Mining Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Coal Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Iron Ore Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Other Minerals and Metals Industrial history of the People's Republic of China o Energy Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Oil and Natural Gas Industrial history of the People's Republic of China + Electric and Nuclear Power Industrial history of the People's Republic of China o Rural Industry Industrial history of the People's Republic of China o Defense Industry Industrial history of the People's Republic of China

Chapter 8
* Chapter 8 - Trade and Transportation (Roxane D.V. Sismanidis and Ernestine H. Wang) History of trade for the People's Republic of China o Internal Trade and Distribution History of trade for the People's Republic of China + Agriculture History of trade for the People's Republic of China + Industry History of trade for the People's Republic of China + Lateral Economic Cooperation History of trade for the People's Republic of China + Retail Sales History of trade for the People's Republic of China o Foreign Trade History of trade for the People's Republic of China + History of Chinese Foreign Trade History of trade for the People's Republic of China + Trade Policy in the 1980s History of trade for the People's Republic of China + Organization of Foreign Trade History of trade for the People's Republic of China # Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade History of trade for the People's Republic of China # Foreign Trade Corporations and Enterprises History of trade for the People's Republic of China # Financial Transactions and Investment History of trade for the People's Republic of China # Other Organizations Involved in Trade History of trade for the People's Republic of China + Composition of Foreign Trade History of trade for the People's Republic of China + Trading Partners History of trade for the People's Republic of China + Tourism Tourism in the People's Republic of China o Transportation History of transportation in the People's Republic of China + Railroads History of transportation in the People's Republic of China + Subways History of transportation in the People's Republic of China + Highways and Roads History of transportation in the People's Republic of China + Bridges History of transportation in the People's Republic of China + Inland Waterways History of transportation in the People's Republic of China + Maritime Shipping History of transportation in the People's Republic of China + Civil Aviation History of transportation in the People's Republic of China o Postal Services Postage stamps and postal history of the People's Republic of China o Telecommunications Communications in the People's Republic of China + Historical Development Communications in the People's Republic of China + Telecommunications Services Communications in the People's Republic of China

Chapter 9
* Chapter 9 - Science and Technology (Donald D. DeGlopper) Science and technology in the People's Republic of China o Historical Development of Science and Technology Policy History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China + Pre-1949 Patterns History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China # Foreign Learning and Chinese Learning History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China + Soviet Influence in the 1950s History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China + "Reds" Versus "Experts" in the 1950s and 1960s History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China + Rehabilitation and Rethinking, 1977-84 History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China o Science and Technology in the 1980's History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China + The Supply of Skilled Manpower History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China + Research Institutes History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China + National Organization and Administration History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China # Chinese Academy of Sciences History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China # State Science and Technology Commission History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China # National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China # Research in Colleges, Universities, and Enterprises History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China # Planning Scientific Research History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China + Integration of Administrative Systems History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China # Leading Group for Science and Technology History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China # China Association of Science and Technology History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China + International Ties History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China o The Reform Program History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China + Shortcomings of the Science and Technology System History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China + The Program History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China # The Relation with Economic Reform History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China # Technology Markets and Joint Ventures History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China # Personnel and Job Mobility History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China o Technology Transfer History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China + Policy History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China + Modes of Transfer History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China + Linking Technology and Economics History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China

Chapter 10: NOT DONE
* Chapter 10 - Party and Government (Marcia R. Ristaino) History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989) o Chinese Communist Party Communist Party of China + Party Constitution Constitution of the Communist Party of China + National Party Congresses National Congress of the Communist Party of China + Central Committee and Political Bureau Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Politburo of the Communist Party of China + Secretariat Secretariat of the Communist Party of China Central Committee + Central Military Commission Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China) + Other Party Organs Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China -- Central Advisory Commission -- Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China + Membership Communist Party of China + Mass Organizations List of political parties in the People's Republic of China # Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference # Democratic Parties List of political parties in the People's Republic of China # Trade Unions All-China Federation of Trade Unions # Communist Youth League Communist Youth League of China # Women, Artists, Students, and Others All-China Women's Federation -- All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles -- All-China Federation of Youth -- All-China Students' Federation -- All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce -- Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries -- o The Government Government of the People's Republic of China + Constitutional Framework Constitution of the People's Republic of China + The National People's Congress National People's Congress + The State Council State Council of the People's Republic of China + The Judiciary Court system of the People's Republic of China + Local Administration Local administration in the People's Republic of China + The Cadre System Cadre system of the People's Republic of China o The Media Media of the People's Republic of China

Chapter 11: NOT DONE
* Chapter 11 - The Political Process (Marcia R. Ristaino) Political history of China -- Political history of the People's Republic of China o Political Realignments at the Party Center + Deng Xiaoping Consolidates Power + Institutionalizing Collective Leadership + A Successor Generation o The First Wave of Reform, 1979-84 + The Opening Up Policy and Reform in the Countryside + Rectification and Reform o The Second Wave of Reform, 1984-86 + The Repercussions of Urban Reform + The Decentralization of Power o The Third Wave of Reform, Beginning in 1986 + Political Reform + Resistance and the Campaign Against Bourgeois Liberalization o The Politics of Modernization + The Components of Reform + Competing Bureaucratic Interests + Deng Xiaoping's Seminal Role o Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong "Thought Be Thought" + The Role of Ideology + Ideology and the Socialist Man + Ideology and Social Change

Chapter 12: powzer
* Chapter 12 - Foreign Relations (Elizabeth E. Green) Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China o Evolution of Foreign Policy + Historical Legacy and Worldview + Nationalism + The Influence of Ideology + Decision Making and Implementation # Government and Party Organizations # Ministry of Foreign Affairs # Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade # Ministry of National Defense # "People-to-People" Diplomacy # The Decision-Making Process o An Overview of China's Foreign Relations + Sino-Soviet Relations + Sino-American Relations + Relations with the Third World + Relations with the Developed World # Japan # Europe + China's Role in International Organizations 2006 August Profile

Chapter 13: kortik
* Chapter 13 - Criminal Justice and Public Security (Ronald E. Dolan) o The Legal System Law of the People's Republic of China + The Imperial Era Legal history of China + Republican China Legal history of China + Developments after 1949 # Early Years of the People's Republic, 1949-53 # The Legal System under the 1954 State Constitution # The Legal System under the 1975 State Constitution + Return to Socialist Legality # Legal Reforms in the 1982 State Constitution o Court Structure and Process MoJ -- Court system (REFER TO "THE JUDICIARY" CH. 10) o Law Enforcement Law enforcement in the People's Republic of China -- Public security bureau + Historical Background + Public Security Forces Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China # The People's Armed Police Force People's Armed Police # State Security Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China + Grass-Roots Organizations o The Penal System Penal system in the People's Republic of China

Chapter 14: minge
* Chapter 14 - National Defense (Roxane D.V. Sismanidis) o Historical Development, 1927-79 History of the People's Liberation Army + From the Founding of the People's Liberation Army to the Korean War History of the People's Liberation Army + Military Modernization in the 1950s and 1960s History of the People's Liberation Army + The People's Liberation Army in the Cultural Revolution History of the People's Liberation Army + Military Modernization in the 1970s History of the People's Liberation Army o Military Modernization Modernization of the People's Liberation Army + Civil-Military Relations Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Political Role of the People's Liberation Army Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Party Control Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Popular Attitudes Toward the People's Liberation Army Modernization of the People's Liberation Army + Military Organization Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # State and Party Central Military Commissions Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Ministry of National Defense and National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Operational Control Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # General Staff Department Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # General Political Department Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # General Logistics Department Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Streamlining and Reduction in Force Modernization of the People's Liberation Army + Doctrine, Strategy, and Tactics Modernization of the People's Liberation Army + Education and Training Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Revitalization of the Military Academy System Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Training Reforms Modernization of the People's Liberation Army + Personnel Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Recruitment Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Conditions of Service Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Promotion Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia Modernization of the People's Liberation Army + Defense Industry and the Economic Role of the People's Liberation Army Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Military Expenditures Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Military Research and Development and the National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Defense Industry Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Weapons Production Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # The Role of Foreign Military Technology Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Arms Sales Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Civilian Production Modernization of the People's Liberation Army # Economic Roles of the People's Liberation Army Modernization of the People's Liberation Army o Perception of Threat History of the People's Liberation Army + The Soviet Union History of the People's Liberation Army + Vietnam History of the People's Liberation Army + India History of the People's Liberation Army + South China Sea History of the People's Liberation Army + Taiwan History of the People's Liberation Army o Foreign Military Cooperation History of the People's Liberation Army o Force Structure ... + Ground Forces PLA Ground Force + Air Force PLA Air Force + Navy PLA Navy + Nuclear Forces Second Artillery Corps + Paramilitary Forces Chinese Paramilitary Forces # Militia Chinese Paramilitary Forces # Reserve Service System Chinese Paramilitary Forces # Production and Construction Corps Chinese Paramilitary Forces # People's Armed Police Force People's Armed Police o Accomplishments and Prospects History of the People's Liberation Army

App: NOT DONE
* Appendices o Appendix B. Chronology and Lists o Appendix C. The People's Libertion Army at a Glance * Bibliography * Glossary