User:Haider.z.28/sandbox

Lead Section
Rensis Likert (/ˈlɪkərt/ lik-ərt; born August 5, 1903, Cheyenne, Wyoming, U.S.—died September 3, 1981, Ann Arbor, Michigan, was an American social psychologist who is primarily known for developing the 5-point Likert scale, a psychometric scale that allows people to respond to questions of interest, in order to measure people's attitudes (such as personality and attitude tests). In 1926, Likert received his B.A. in economics and sociology from the University of Michigan, and in 1932 he received a Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University. Likert went on to work for the U.S. Department of Agriculture until 1946, when he was influenced by World War II to work for the Office of War Information. With the OWI, he was appointed head of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey Morale Division (USSBS) in 1944.  After retirement at the age of 67, he formed Rensis Likert Associates, an institution that based their ideas on his theories of management in organizational psychology. He wrote numerous books in regards to topics of management, conflict, and applications of behavioral research. A few of his words include New Ways of Managing Conflict (1976) and Human Organization: Its Management and Value (1967). Although he was a psychologist, Likert's contributions in business management helped managers organize their subordinates more effectively. Also, Likert founded the theory of participative management, which was used to engage employees in the workplace and ultimately allow them to enjoy their job more. Likert's contributions in psychometrics, research samples, and more (including open-ended interviewing) have led to the forming and shaping of social and organizational psychology.

Early life/Personal life
Rensis Likert was born in 1903 to George Herbert Likert and Cornelia Adrianna (Cora) Likert in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Influenced by his father, who worked as an engineer with the Union Pacific Railroad, Likert studied civil engineering at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor for three years. He worked as an intern with the Union Pacific Railroad during the watershed 1922 strike, which is where his spark for studying organizations and their behavior originated from. Likert decided to switch from studying civil engineering to economics and sociology at the University of Michigan, because of an influential professor named Robert Angell. He received his B.A in sociology in 1926. After graduation, he studied at the Union Theological Seminary for one year. Likert went on to receive his Ph.D. in psychology at Columbia University in 1932. While studying at Columbia University, he approached the discipline of social psychology, which was a fairly recent field at this time. He would end up co-authoring a book titled Public Opinion and the Individual (1938) with his mentor at Columbia, Gardner Murphy. He married June Gibson while he was studying at Columbia University, who he had met at the University of Michigan. They had two daughters: Elizabeth and Patricia. In 1969, Likert retired as the director of the Institute for Social Research. He moved to Honolulu, Hawaii with his wife, where he continued on with his work by forming Rensis Likert Associates. Likert died at the age of 78 on September 3rd, 1981 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. When he passed away, he left behind his wife, Jane Gibson (3 June 1902 – 19 November 1997). Bradi.carlson (talk) 23:09, 17 April 2016 (UTC)

Life Insurance Agency Management Association
In 1935, Likert became the director of research for the Life Insurance Agency Management Association (LIAMA) in Hartford, Connecticut. During his time there, Likert began a program of research comparing and evaluating the effectiveness of different modes of supervision.

United States Department of Agriculture
In 1939, Likert was invited to organize the Division of Program Surveys (DPS) in the Bureau of Agriculture Statistics (BAS). The purpose of the DPS was to gather farmers' thoughts toward the New Deal programs sponsored by USDA, and to challenge the effects of the Great Depression. Soon after, it was used in other governmental agencies during WWII, such as the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve Board, the Office of War Information, and the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey. Likert continued to recruit other social psychologists into his growing government survey department.

Institute for Social Research
At war's end the Department of Agriculture were forced by conservative Congressmen to stop its social survey work. Likert and his team (many of them academics on temporary wartime duty) decided to move together to a university. After scouting Cornell and Chicago, they accepted an offer in summer 1946 from the University of Michigan. They formed the Survey Research Center (SRC) at the University of Michigan. This became the Institute for Social Research (ISR) in 1949 when Dorwin Cartwright moved the Center for Group Dynamics from MIT to the University of Michigan. Likert was the director of ISR until 1970, when he retired.

Rensis Likert Associates
Upon retirement he founded Rensis Likert Associates to consult for numerous corporations. He also helped start what is now known as the Institute for Corporate Productivity. During his tenure, Likert devoted particular attention to research on organizations. During the 1960's and 1970's, his books on management theory were closely studied in Japan and their impact can be seen across modern Japanese organizations. He did research on major corporations around the world, and his studies have accurately predicted the subsequent performance of the corporations. K2padden (talk) 00:41, 19 April 2016 (UTC)

Open-ended interviewing
Likert contributed to the field of psychometrics by developing open-ended interviewing, a technique used to collect information about a person’s thoughts, experience, and preferences. It was common in the 1930’s for researchers to use objective, closed-ended questions in order for the coding process to be valid. While this technique was used well in many domains, Likert saw the need for more opportunity to ask people about their attitudes towards various issues. Within open-ended interviewing, he and his colleagues invented the “funneling technique”, which is a way to keep the interview open for comments, but directed in a specific way. The interview would begin with the open-ended questions, but gradually move into more narrowed questions. Open-ended interviewing is highly used today in research studies when there is a need to understand people’s attitudes. Bradi.carlson (talk) 20:37, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Likert scale
The Likert scale, commonly known as the 5-point Likert scale, is Rensis Likert's best-known contribution. He devised the scale in 1932 as a part of his Ph.D. thesis as a way to identify the extent of a person's attitudes and feelings towards international affairs. Today, the 5-point Likert scale is useful in the social sciences and attitude-related research projects. Likert scales have a range of responses (generally 5, but sometimes more) in which a person selects the most appropriate response following a statement or series of statements. Typically, there are 5 categories of possible response selections that a person chooses from. These choices lie on a range from strongly agree (SA), agrees (A), is undecided (U), disagrees (D), or strongly disagrees (SD). There is debate among researchers on what the optimum number of responses a person should be able to choose from. Haider.z.28 (talk) 03:19, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Professional Achievements
Jordie.Salwei (talk) 19:45, 18 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Developed scales for attitude measurement
 * Development of Likert Scale (1932)
 * Appointed head of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey Morale Division (USSBS) (1944)
 * President, American Statistical Association; Honorary Degree, Tilburg University, the Netherlands (1967)
 * Developed Open-ended Interviewing
 * Funneling Technique for interviewing
 * Introduced Participative management

Publications
Co-editor:
 * A Method for Coping with Conflict in Problem Solving Groups (1978)
 * New Ways of Managing Conflict (1976)'' (with Jane Gibson Likert)
 * Human Organization : Its Management and Value (1967)
 * New Patterns of Management (1961)
 * The Presidents Column (1959)
 * Developing patterns in management (American Management Association, 1955)
 * Technique for the Measurement of Professional Attitudes (1932)
 * Some applications of Behavioral Research (1957)
 * Moral and Agency Management (1940-1944)
 * Public Opinion and the Individual (1938)

Jordie.Salwei (talk) 19:43, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Combined Lead Section
Hey guys! I commented on the combined lead section yesterday but my wifi was poor and when I checked today it didn't submit! Anyways, I have read over everything, I was going to comment on adding a few things but after thinking about it, I believe those things would just be best left for the rest of the wiki article. I think the combined lead section has just the perfect amount of details and writing the rest of the article should be pretty easy! :) Great job guys! &lt;nowiki&gt; Haider.z.28 ( talk ) 19:04, 8 April 2016 (UTC)

By reading all of our individual leads and this combined one, I believe we hit all of the main points that we wanted to. It looks great! K2padden ( talk ) 23:18, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

Just for grading purposes, I (Bradi) combined all of our sentences that I think summed up Likert. In other words, I added the text. Jordie added the citations, links, and two sentences on Likert's contributions business and Participative management. Kasie and Zainah, could you guys just go over what we have and see if there is any other contributions or details we can add? Thanks! Bradi.carlson ( talk ) 21:41, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

 Rensis Likert  (/ˈlɪkərt/ lik-ərt; born August 5, 1903, Cheyenne, Wyoming, U.S.—died September 3, 1981, Ann Arbor, Michigan, was an American social psychologist who is primarily known for developing the 5-point Likert scale, a psychometric scale that measures people's attitudes. In 1926, Likert received his B.A. in economics and sociology from the University of Michigan and in 1932 he received a Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University. Likert went on to work for the U.S. Department of Agriculture until 1946, when he was influenced by World War II to work for the Office of War Information. With the OWI, he was appointed head of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey Morale Division (USSBS) in 1944. After retirement at the age of 67, he formed Rensis Likert Associates, an institution that based their ideas on his theories of management in organizational psychology  He wrote numerous books in regards to topics of management, conflict, and applications of behavioral research. A few of his words include  New Ways of Managing Conflict  (1976) and  Human Organization: Its Management and Value  (1976). Although a psychologist Likert's contributions in business management lead to managers learning how to more efficiently manage their subordinates. Likert also founded the theory of Participative management which was also used to learn how to get employees more involved in their work place and the decision making that goes on and ultimately helping them enjoy their job more. Likert's contributions in psychometrics, research samples, and more (including open-ended interviewing) have led to the forming and shaping of social and organizational psychology.

== Lead Section Zainah ==  Rensis Likert  (5 August 1903 - 3 September 1981) was an American psychologist who is primarily known for developing the 5-point Likert Scale that is used in many types of research today, to measure people's attitudes. At a younger age Likert trained to become an engineer and interned with Union Pacific Railroad, which led him to study behavior after some turmoils he encountered while interning. Likert received his B.A. in economics and sociology from the University of Michigan as well as obtaining a Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University. Upon retirement, Likert founded Rensis Likert Associates. He also wrote, and co-wrote, numerous books in regards to topics of management, conflict, and applications of behavioral research. Likerts contributions have helped largely shape the social sciences. Haider.z.28 ( talk ) 16:23, 30 March 2016 (UTC) == Lead Section Kasie== Rensis Likert (/ˈlɪkərt/ lik-ərt; 5 August 1903 – 3 September 1981) was an American psychologist who focused on social and organizational psychology. Likert is known primarily for his development of the Likert Scale, a psychometric scale used in many different types of research involving questionnaires. In 1926, Likert received his B.A. in economics and sociology from the University of Michigan and in 1932 he received a Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University. Likert then went on to work for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Institute for Social Research, to then founding the Rensis Likert Associates. Likert authored and contributed to many books including New Ways of Managing Conflict (1976), Human Organization: Its Management and Value (1976), and many others. Likert's contributions have led to the forming and shaping of social and organizational psychology. K2padden ( talk ) 00:20, 30 March 2016 (UTC) == Lead Section Jordie==  Rensis Likert  (/ˈlɪkərt/ lik-ərt; born August 5, 1903, Cheyenne, Wyoming, U.S.—died September 3, 1981, Ann Arbor, Michigan), American social scientist who developed scales for attitude measurement and introduced the concept of participative management. Rensis Likert is primarily known in psychology for the Likert scale which is a rating system used to measure peoples opinions and attitudes Rensis Likert studied economics and sociology at the University of Michigan (A.B., 1922), then moved on to study psychology at Columbia University (Ph.D., 1932). He also taught psychology at New York University (1930–35) before moving to Hartford, Connecticut, to become the director of research for the Life Insurance Agency Management Association. Likert is also known for his work done related to business management where he contributed a theory called Participative management which he first proposed in his book  New Patterns of Management  (1961) and later discussed in  The Human Organization  (1967) Likert's contributions in business management lead to managers learning how to more efficiently manage their subordinates. Jordie.Salwei ( talk ) 16:38, 29 March 2016 (UTC) == Lead section Bradi==  Rensis Likert  (/ˈlɪkərt/ lik-ərt; 5 August 1903 – 3 September 1981) was an American social and organizational psychologist known primarily for creating the Likert Scale, a psychometric scale used in a considerable amount of research today. He developed a research program at Life Insurance Agency Management Association (LIAMA) from 1935 to 1938, worked at the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1939 until 1946, and initiated another program in the social sciences at the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan in 1946. Even in retirement at the age of 67, he formed Rensis Likert Associates, an institution that based their ideas on his theories of management in organizational psychology. Likert's contributions in psychometrics, research samples, and more (including open-ended interviewing) have led to the forming and shaping of social and organizational psychology. Bradi.carlson ( talk ) 05:15, 29 March 2016 (UTC) == Outline ==  Lead Section:   Personal Life:  Early Career/ '' Personal Life: maybe combine early career with personal life? '' 3.Career: Jordie.Salwei ( talk ) 02:39, 22 March 2016 (UTC) 3a. Early Career:  After training to be an engineer  at the University of Michigan, '' the younger Likert was working as an intern with Union Pacific Railroad during the watershed 1922 strike. The lack of communication between the two parties made a profound impression on him and caused him to study organizations and their behavior for the rest of his life. '' Bradi.carlson ( talk ) 03:24, 22 March 2016 (UTC)  Professional Achievements:  Awards and honors Jordie.Salwei ( talk ) 02:44, 22 March 2016 (UTC)  Likert Scale:  Open-Ended Interviewing: Bradi.carlson ( talk ) 22:49, 8 March 2016 (UTC) Publications Jordie.Salwei ( talk ) 02:40, 22 March 2016 (UTC) '' Professional Achievements/ Books: combine theses two? '' -I think that we could mention in his personal achievements that he published a lot but I think his publications should have there own section? Jordie.Salwei ( talk ) 02:33, 22 March 2016 (UTC)  Likert Scale:   References:  Haider.z.28 ( talk ) 20:31, 20 March 2016 (UTC) == References == Likert, R. (1961). New patterns of management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Jordie.Salwei ( talk ) 02:43, 22 March 2016 (UTC) Likert, R., & Dennis, W. (1947). The sample interview survey: A fundamental research tool of the social sciences. Current trends in psychology, (pp. 196-225). Pittsburgh, PA, US: University of Pittsburgh Press, vii, 225 pp. doi.org.ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/10.1037/13989-008 Seashore, S. E., & Katz, D. Obituary: Rensis Likert (1903-1981). American Psychologist, Vol 37(7), Jul 1982, 851-853. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/10.1037/0003-066X.37.7.851 Bradi.carlson ( talk ) 18:59, 9 March 2016 (UTC) Likert scale. (2016). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://academic.eb.com.ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/EBchecked/topic/1085454/Likert-Scale Jordie.Salwei ( talk ) 02:43, 22 March 2016 (UTC) Likert, R.. (1948). Opinion Studies and Government Policy. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 92(5), 341–350. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3143044 Kish, L.. (1982). In Memoriam: Rensis Likert, 1903-1981. The American Statistician, 36(2), 124–125. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2684023 K2padden ( talk ) 19:14, 18 March 2016 (UTC) Rensis Likert. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2016, from  &lt;nowiki&gt; http://medlibrary.org/medwiki/Rensis_Likert#Professional_achievements

Rensis Likert. (2016). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://academic.eb.com.ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/EBchecked/topic/1085395/Rensis-Likert Jordie.Salwei (talk) 02:26, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

Esterman, A. The Likert Scale [online]. Australasian Epidemiologist, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2003 Jul: 46-8. Availability: <http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=431769877799165;res=IELNZC Haider.z.28 (talk) 20:44, 20 March 2016 (UTC)

I'm glad we've narrowed our topic down; I believe this will be an interesting man to find and write information about. First off, one of the main problems I have with this article of Rensis Likert is the small amount of books and publications that are listed. They only have about 5 of his books/publications. When I searched on Google Scholar, he had many more that were not listed on the article. This means he has many more contributions than the article is giving him credit for. I found an excellent biography of Rensis Likert on EBSCOHost, that will help add on to our early life, later life, major contributions, etc. It gives a very detailed look on his life, and I think it will be a good journal article to use. I will list it in the references down below. As I said before, there are many books that Rensis has published that are not on the article. I will reference one of them that I found on PSYCHBooks. We can check this book out at the library, and it will give us a detailed look on sample interview studies that Likert conducted. Lastly, I have a few questions about the article we will be doing. Do you think his contribution of the linking pin model (which is stated in the introductory paragraph) should be included as a whole section? I'm not familiar with this, so I'm not sure how much "credit" it should get. Also, what types of articles should we be looking for in the "Further Reading" section? Is it just articles that are related to his work, or work that has stemmed off of him?

References

Likert, R., & Dennis, W. (1947). The sample interview survey: A fundamental research tool of the social sciences. Current trends in psychology, (pp. 196-225). Pittsburgh, PA, US: University of Pittsburgh Press, vii, 225 pp. doi.org.ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/10.1037/13989-008

Seashore, S. E., & Katz, D. Obituary: Rensis Likert (1903-1981). American Psychologist, Vol 37(7), Jul 1982, 851-853. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/10.1037/0003-066X.37.7.851 Bradi.carlson (talk) 04:54, 24 February 2016 (UTC)

One thing that I believe is an issue with this article is that the section heading "Likert Scale" has many subheadings under it that don't relate to the Likert Scale. These subheadings and their information can probably be ordered better. Also, even though we are focusing on Likert as a psychologist, he had many more contributions to other areas of interests.

Two references that I found that do not already appear in the article's reference list are:

1. Kish, L.. (1982). In Memoriam: Rensis Likert, 1903-1981. The American Statistician, 36(2), 124–125. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2684023

This source gives a lot more detail on Likert's life, which deserves to be in the article about him.

2. Likert, R.. (1948). Opinion Studies and Government Policy. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 92(5), 341–350. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3143044

This source describes another interest of Likert's other than psychology, which I believe is important to be mentioned in this article or at least his publications.

One question I have is, since we are focusing on Likert as a psychology contributor, do we need to focus on his other non-psychology related contributions as well? Another question I have is how in depth do we have to go in describing his contributions (ex: Likert Scale)? Because there are already wikipedia pages dedicated to just that. K2padden (talk) 01:49, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

One thing I believe is a problem with the article is that under the Likert Scale heading, there isn't a lot of information. I know the wiki page is on Rensis Likert but being the Likert Scale is what he is best known for, I think we could try and see if we can expand anymore on that area. I also had found the In Memoriam reference and thought it would be a good one but since Kasie used that for one of her references I will use two other ones I found.

1. Rensis Likert. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2016, from http://medlibrary.org/medwiki/Rensis_Likert#Professional_achievements

Source one gives some overall general descriptions of Rensis Likert and the things he did. It also gives a little brief information on some professional achievements of his.

2. Esterman, A. The Likert Scale [online]. Australasian Epidemiologist, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2003 Jul: 46-8. Availability:  ISSN: 1327-8835. [cited 29 Feb 16].

Source two talks about the development of the Likert Scale.

One question I have is in regards to the Further Readings heading. What is this section for and do we need to expand on it? Another question I have is in regards to how much we should talk about Rensis Likerts personal life versus his contributions he has made? It is hard to find biography's just on him and I was wondering if you, Dr. Council, knew if the NDSU library might have any books on him? Haider.z.28 (talk) 22:29, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

After looking over the already existing Rensis Likert I continuous problem I noticed was all around the lack of information. Even looking at the talk page there is not much discussion going on there and looking at the edit page there really wasn't much information there. Another problem I noticed was while I was looking for resources I noticed I cam across a few of his works that were not present in the books section so there are many things we can add to this article to improve it!

1. Rensis Likert. (2016). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://academic.eb.com.ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/EBchecked/topic/1085395/Rensis-Likert Likert scale. (2016). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://academic.eb.com.ezproxy.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu/EBchecked/topic/1085454/Likert-Scale These two sources both came from the same place the first one has some information on who Rensis Likert was and the second one does a really good job at explaining the Likert scale in detail.

2. Likert, R. (1961). New patterns of management. New York: McGraw-Hill. This source is a book Likert wrote and I am going to pick up the physical copy from the library.

One of my questions is since Rensis Likert authored many books and majority of them are about business and management how much should we explain about the different books he wrote especially without not being bias on how we think they relate to psychology? My other question is similar to my first question, I know NDSU library has physical copies of many of Rensis Likert's publications as I am using one as a source but how much do you think we can use his publications to contribute to his Wikipedia page? Jordie.Salwei (talk) 04:21, 29 February 2016 (UTC)