User:HailML/Cholera vaccine/Bibliography

You will be compiling your bibliography and creating an outline of the changes you will make in this sandbox.

Outline of proposed changes

 * The first paragraph kinda seems choppy and would be re-written to flow better and removing some aspects in this paragraph.
 * "A cholera vaccine is a vaccine that is effective at preventing cholera. The currently recommended cholera vaccines are administered orally to elicit a protective local mucosal immune response in the gut, which was poorly achieved with the injectable vaccines that were used until the 1970s. The first effective oral cholera vaccine was Dukoral, developed in Sweden in the 1980s. For the first six months after vaccination it provides about 85 percent protection, which decreases to approximately 60 percent during the first two years. When enough of the population is immunized, it may protect those who have not been immunized thereby increasing the total protective impact to more than 90 percent (known as herd immunity)."
 * Change to ...
 * A cholera vaccine is an oral vaccine that is effective at reducing the risk of contracting cholera. The currently recommended cholera vaccines are administered orally to elicit a protective local mucosal immune response in the gut, which was poorly achieved with the injectable vaccines. Dukoral was the first effective oral cholera vaccine, developed in Sweden in the 1980s. Other cholera vaccines recommended by WHO includes Shanchol bivalent, Euvichol-Plus, and Vaxchora. These vaccines are licensed for use in more than 60 countries where the disease is common and for the use in travellers.
 * Second paragraph - efficacy section creation
 * The World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends the use of three oral cholera vaccines – Dukoral, Shanchol and Euvichol-Plus – in combination with other measures among those at high risk for cholera. Two vaccine doses with a 1-6 week interval are typically recommended. The duration of protection is at least two years in adults and six months in children aged 1–5 years. A live, attenuated single dose oral vaccine is available for those traveling to an area where cholera is common but is not WHO approved for public health use.
 * The available types of oral vaccine are generally safe. Mild abdominal pain or diarrhea may occur. They are safe in pregnancy and in those with poor immune function. They
 * Move to and create an efficacy section:
 * "For the first six months after vaccination it provides about 85 percent protection, which decreases to approximately 60 percent during the first two years. When enough of the population is immunized, it may protect those who have not been immunized thereby increasing the total protective impact to more than 90 percent (known as herd immunity).
 * Vaccines are not 100% effective at preventing illness with Cholera, which is why it is important to also ensure prevention tips. https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/vaccines.html
 * A statement about WHO approved dukorol for public use in certain places, but what are these places?
 * https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON437
 * As of January 2023, WHO has reported 18 countries with ongoing cholera outbreaks. These include Burundi, cameroon, democratic republic of the congo, ethiopia, kenya, malawi, mozambique, nigeria, zambia, haiti, dominican republic, afganistan, lebanon, pakistan, somalia, syria, northwest syria, bangladesh, and philippines
 * https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/vaccines.html
 * WHO recommends that vaccinations be given to those residing in regions of the world where there is transmission of cholera, people during humanitaria crises, and during cholera outbreaks. The CDC recommends these vaccines for those tracelling to regions of the world with active cholera transmission.
 * https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON437
 * As of January 2023, WHO has reported 18 countries with ongoing cholera outbreaks. These include Burundi, cameroon, democratic republic of the congo, ethiopia, kenya, malawi, mozambique, nigeria, zambia, haiti, dominican republic, afganistan, lebanon, pakistan, somalia, syria, northwest syria, bangladesh, and philippines
 * https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/vaccines.html
 * WHO recommends that vaccinations be given to those residing in regions of the world where there is transmission of cholera, people during humanitaria crises, and during cholera outbreaks. The CDC recommends these vaccines for those tracelling to regions of the world with active cholera transmission.


 * Mentionned about other ways to prevent a cholera infection, but they did not really mention what to do => could add a section on prevention?
 * https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/preventionsteps.html
 * The CDC recommends that travellers employ preventative measures to reduce the risk of cholera infection while visiting a region of the globe that has a cholera outbreaks. Some preventative measures include Drink and use safe water such as bottled water to brush teeth, wash and prepare food or ensure that the water has been properly boiled (bring to a rolling boil for 1 min)/filtered (buy one that can remove bacteria - pore sice less than or equal to 0.3 microns). Always store treated water in a clean, covered container. Wash hands often with soap and safe water while preparing food and after using the toilet or taking care of someone who has diarrhea. Ensure to cook food well, eat it hot, and peel fruits and vegetables (avoid raw vegetables). Ensure proper cleaning techniques of food preparation areas and itchenward with soap and treated water and let dry completly, bathw and wash clothes/diapers 30 meters away from drinking water sources. Wash hands after cleaning and disinfecting.


 * Side effects and effectiveness of the vaccines were mentionned. Potential able to expand on who should not get the vaccine, if there is any contraindications.
 * https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/258763/WER9234.pdf?sequence=1
 * https://cps-pharmacists-ca.uml.idm.oclc.org/search
 * Adverse effects include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, hypersensitivity reactions
 * When taking the vaccine, take without food and avoid food for 1 hour before and 1 hour after vaccination
 * Storage: Dukerol stable at temperature up to 25degrees C for 21 days. After micing the contents of the vaccine vial with the buffer solution, it should be consummed within 2 hours. Do not use after expiration date


 * Could expand on coverage and costs of the medications in other countries auch as Canada and other under-developped countries (global project was mentionned which was good)
 * https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/258763/WER9234.pdf?sequence=1


 * "Although the vaccine specific protection observed, 60–70 percent, has been described as "moderate", herd immunity can multiply the effectiveness of vaccination" citation needed
 * https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.uml.idm.oclc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8167659/     (different values find another resource on vaccine effectiveness - going to find a systematic review)
 * https://pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.uml.idm.oclc.org/28729167/
 * A metaanalysis found that most studies found the vaccine to be effectiveness at 76% and and efficacy of 58% both favouring the 2 doses of the oral vaccine
 * https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/258763/WER9234.pdf?sequence=1
 * HERD immunity was showed to reduce the risk of cholera transmission to non-vaccinated individuals


 * "The oral vaccines are generally of two forms inactivated and attenuated.[citation needed]" citation needed
 * https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/cholera#:~:text=Two%20distinct%20types%20of%20oral,subunit%20of%20the%20cholera%20toxin.