User:Hammersfan/England XI in South Africa in 1989–90

In January 1990, a representative team of English cricket players undertook the final so-called "Rebel tour" to South Africa, to play a series of matches against the South African team. At the time, the International Cricket Council had placed a moratorium on international cricket teams undertaking tours of the country, due to the South African government's policy of apartheid, leaving South Africa with no international competition.

Background
During the 1980s, as a result of the boycott of South Africa by sporting bodies, the International Cricket Council had prevented official tours to South Africa. This had led to a number of so-called "rebel" tours, with individual players contracted to tour as part of unofficial representative teams. Since 1982, when the first rebel tour took place, a total of six tours had taken place by sides representing England, Australia, Sri Lanka and, perhaps most controversially, the West Indies. By 1990 however, South Africa was in the midst of a major societal shake-up, as the ruling National Party had entered negotiations to repeal the ban on the African National Congress and release Nelson Mandela from prison. It was into this atmosphere that a seventh rebel cricket tour began at the end of January 1990, this time with players unofficially representing England. Unlike previous tours, which had been received by the white population in the country enthusiastically, this time, with South Africa going through major upheaval, the presence of the touring side seemingly representing the old order and, unlike on previous tours, being paid directly by the government, caused major protests right from the beginning. Virtually every game played during the tour featured demonstrations, with several riots taking place, and the police using both tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse protesters, while on one occasion the English players were pelted with stones.

Squads
A number of the South African side, including captain Jimmy Cook, had played in the original rebel tour by the English side in 1982. Of the English players, only John Emburey had appeared in the 1982 tour - following his three-year international ban for appearing in that series, he had returned to the England side, and was part of the successful 1986-87 Ashes tour. Three of the English players, Gatting, Emburey and Chris Cowdrey, had served as England captain during the 1988 West Indies tour to England, while a number had full test caps.

Matches
The tour itself was originally scheduled to include two "test" and six one-day matches, as well as another three tour matches against other opposition. However, as a result of the significant protests over the course of the touring team's time in South Africa, the tour was cut short by a week, with the second test match cancelled and instead replaced by four one-day games.

Aftermath
The 1990 rebel tour was considered to be an unmitigated disaster, as the English players were seen to be shoring up the dying apartheid regime at the same time as freedoms were being implemented in South Africa. The day after the end of the test match, Nelson Mandela was freed from imprisonment, while the explosion outside Newlands convinced the organisers that continuing with the tour as planned was not viable, not least as it would potentially put the players safety at risk.

The players returned to England on 24 February to stinging headlines from the press. The sports writer Frank Keating, writing in The Guardian, stated "No more inglorious, downright disgraced and discredited team or sportsmen wearing the badge of 'England' can ever have returned through customs with such nothingness to declare". Each member of the squad received a three-year ban from international cricket for taking part; as with the 1982 tour, this led to the ending of international careers for a number of players, although both captain Mike Gatting and all-rounder John Emburey returned to the England side after their bans expired, with Gatting falling victim to the Ball of the Century from Shane Warne in the first game of the 1993 Ashes series.

In 1991, as part of the deconstruction of apartheid in South Africa, the two separate governing bodies of cricket in the country, the South African Cricket Union, and the multi-racial South African Cricket Board, elected to merge to form the single United Cricket Board of South Africa (UCBSA). This was a pivotal moment, as it meant that the governance of cricket was no longer divided on racial lines, which was the key reason behind the ICC's ban in the first place. At a meeting of the ICC in London in July 1991, the UCBSA made its case for readmission, a cause in which it received the powerful backing of Jagmohan Dalmiya, the Secretary of the Board of Control for Cricket in India. Despite reservations from both Pakistan and the West Indies, the meeting formally approved South Africa's readmission to the ICC. A meeting held the following October endorsed South Africa's participation in the 1992 Cricket World Cup, while India, in a predicament following the cancellation of a tour of the country by Pakistan, invited the South Africans to undertake a one-day international series. On 10 November 1991, the South African cricket team took to the field at Eden Gardens in Calcutta for their first official international game since March 1970.