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Chun Chu, Angela Hsin, and Jin Nam Choi. "Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of" active" procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance." The Journal of social psychology 145.3 (2005): 245-264. - Procrastination can have positive effects and is not necessarily 100% negative - Passive vs Active procrastinators - Active procrastinators like working under pressure and actually get tasks done on time - Formal definition: lack of self-regulated perforce and tendency to delay what is necessary to reach a goal. - University students who rated high in procrastination usually had low grades, high stress, and poor self-rated health. - Active procrastinators prefer to work under pressure as it allows them to be more creative an come up with ideas quickly. - Components: 1. Cognitive (decision to procrastinate) 2. Affective (preference for time pressure) 3. Behavioral (task completion by the deadline) - Active procrastinators plan their schedules on priorities instead of jumping into their day without any plans like passive procrastinators. - The study concluded that while active procrastinators procrastinate, they actually are more similar to non-procrastinators in terms of efficiency and time management.

Kim, Kyung Ryung, and Eun Hee Seo. "The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: A meta-analysis." Personality and Individual Differences 82 (2015): 26-33. - Externally assessed procrastination was negatively correlated with externally assessed performance - "Active Procrastination" may not be intertwined with traditional procrastination as it creates confusion. Rather, it should be its own construct. - Schools should create strategies that help students tackle procrastination

Klingsieck, Katrin B. "Procrastination." European Psychologist (2013). - Prevalence rates of 20-30% - Procrastination results in: - decreased conscientiousness - increased neuroticism - increased perfectionism - decreased optimism - different identity aspects - Procrastination depends on how not motivated an individual is to do the task - Procrastination also has a relation to depression, anxiety, and stress.