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Bibliography:

Chan, F. K.-M.; Shisler, J.; Bixby, J. G.; Felices, M.; Zheng, L.; Appel, M.; Orenstein, J.; Moss, B.; Lenardo, M. J. (2003). A Role for Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-2 and Receptor-interacting Protein in Programmed Necrosis and Antiviral Responses. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(51), 51613–51621. doi:10.1074/jbc.m305633200

Cells pre-stimulated by TNFR-2, then activated by TNFR-1 appears to enhance apoptosis by recruiting the serine/threonine protein kinase receptor-interacting protein (R.I.P.) binding to the TNFR-1 complex. The apoptotic behavior can be inhibited by the the caspase-8 cleavage of RIP. To ascertain the role of TNFR-1 and RIP, they experimented on junket cells infected with vaccinia virus cells. It showed deficit in RIP demonstrated reduced inflammatory behavior.

Gaborit BJ, Chaumette T, Chauveau M, et al. Circulating Regulatory T Cells Expressing Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type 2 Contribute to Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression in Patients During Septic Shock. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(12):2160-2169. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab276

Sepsis patients who survive septic shock are often left with chronic suppressed immune system functions. Cell cultures from septic shock patients T-regulatory cell and TNFR2 sunset levels did not increase -- CTLA4 expressions and in-vitro compromised immune activities increased at day 4 from onset. It suggests the TNFR2 levels do not directly correlate to CTLA4 expression and suppressive activities however it presents

Giraudo, E.; Primo, L.; Audero, E.; Gerber, H.-P.; Koolwijk, P.; Soker, S.; Klagsbrun, M.; Ferrara, N.; Bussolino, F. (1998). Tumor Necrosis Factor-2 Regulates Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 and of Its Co-receptor Neuropilin-1 in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273(34), 22128–22135. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.34.2212

Medler, Juliane; Wajant, Harald (2019). Tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (TNFR2): an overview of an emerging drug target. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 23(4), 295–307. doi:10.1080/14728222.2019.1586886

TNF2 appears to demonstrate an array of actions including pro-and-anti-inflammatory, and cell protective effects. A cellular surface structure or the oligomerization of TNFR-2 when bonded to specific antibodies and antibody fusion proteins which will then induce agonistic effects.

The wide effect suggests that TNFR2 plays a key role in autoimmune, heart failure, and cancer diseases so it can also serve as a therapeutic target.

T. Komata; N. Tsuchiya; M. Matsushita; K. Hagiwara; K. Tokunaga (1999). Association of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 ( TNFR2 ) polymorphism with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. , 53(6), 527–533. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.530602.x

Genetic testing link between mutated (polymorphic) TNFR2 and increased risk of systemic lupus erythematous (SLE).