User:Hannahgoss/sandbox

Article Evaluation
1: Section: United States Subsection: Post-2001

As of October 2018, the New America Foundation placed the number killed in terrorist attacks in the United States since 9/11 as follows: 104 killed in jihadist terrorist attacks, 86 killed in far-right attacks, and 8 killed in black separatist/nationalist/supremacist attacks.[38] The politically conservative Daily Caller News Foundation using data from the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), found 92% of all "ideologically motivated homicide incidents" committed in the United States from 2007 to 2016 were motivated by right-wing extremism or white supremacism.[39] According to the Government Accountability Office of the United States, 73% of violent extremist incidents that resulted in deaths since September 12, 2001 were caused by right-wing extremist groups.[40][41]

New America's tally shows that since September 11, 2001, incidents of right-wing extremism have caused 86 deaths. Incidents causing death were:[38]

Edit Summary: copied from Right Wing Terrorism

Notes: This, along with a list that links recent American right-wing attacks, is all of the information included in this article. I think it would be helpful to include an overview of the existing and active American terror organizations rather than simply a list of attacks. Additionally what is the government doing about it? Additionally, this article's subsection is based off of one main source - it would be nice to diversify both the content and sources. This is a very notable topic and other information certainly exists. Also - "white supremacism" is not a word. It should read "white supremacy".

2: Section: List of non-state groups accused of terrorism

Notes: While I was unable to copy the section I would edit because it is in the form of a table, I would edit a table of active terrorist organizations in the Americas as none of the information is cited. The table gives the organization name, leaders, motives, regions of origin, etc but does not include a single citation. This would do wonders to improve the reliability of the source.

Section: 21st Century Subsection: Americas

"2001 also saw the second acknowledged act of bioterrorism with the 2001 anthrax attacks (the first being intentional food poisoning conducted in The Dalles, Oregon by Rajneeshee followers in 1984), when letters carrying anthrax spores were posted to several major American media outlets and two Democratic Party politicians. This resulted in several of the first fatalities attributed to a bioterror attack.

The more recent terrorist attack in the United States have included the 2015 San Bernardino attack,[304] the Bombing of Boston Marathon by Islamic terrorists, the shooting of police officers in sniper ambushes by members of Black Lives Matter movement, and the shooting of multiple black parishioners at church and car attack on anti-fascist protesters in Charlottesville by right-wing extremists and white supremacists. There have been calls by some analysts to describe violence committed by incels as terrorism.[305][306] "

Edit Summary: Copied from : history of terrorism Notes: This is the entirety of the section on 21st century American terrorism. It only focuses on US terrorism when there are certainly Latin American and South American episodes of terrorism. Ex: Hezbollah has roots in Latin America. There needs to be a wide expansion of information on this subject. Also, the entire first paragraph does not have citations.

3:

Terrorism Financing

This entire article needs a lot of work. First, the structure is incredibly inefficient and does not allow for a smooth read. Additionally, the language is very informal and vague. Citations are lacking as the first five paragraphs only have four citations. The only two location-based sections are Germany and Australia - two locations that seem to have been chosen at random. This article needs a lot of work. The biggest and most urgent issue to address is the citations - a mere 15 for an article that is not short in length.

Articles
Political Censorship

This article is incredibly brief and only seems to provide a definition of political censorship. The one case study included, Singapore, seems odd. I would add additional case studies. Additionally, there are only five citations for the entire article.

Censorship in the United States

This article is very high in quality, but needs to be updated. There is a section on "Censorship in the Trump administration" that is significantly shorter and has much fewer citations than, let's say, the "Censorship in the Obama administration" section

Miller v California

This article has a significant amount of information; however, it lacks citations. There are very few for an information-rich article. It could also use some cleaning up in terms of wording - much of it seems to contradict itself.

Memoirs v. Massachusetts

This article is both short and requires citations. An interesting topic, but really needs work.

My Article: [Censorship in Germany]
- My goals for this article are to: 1. dramatically increase the number of citations. Originally, the entire article had only 5 citations 2. build out the history - each section is incredibly short 3. highlight ongoing censorship in modern-day Germany 4. correct tone / bias of the article. it is currently very leading

Drafts of Contributions
German Empire (1871–1918)

In the German Empire, many forms of media were under imperial control. Before World War I, the government appointed civil administrators and bureaucrats who were in charge of ensuring the public decency of printed material within the Empire.

The Imperial Press Law of 1874 ended the government's right to censor materials before publishing. It also eliminated the need for a government-issued license to publish. '''However, the government retained the right to be notified of all publications when printing began and could prosecute editors for the content featured in their works. Most often, editors were imprisoned for the publication of material which insulted the monarch. At this point, theatres, cinemas, cabarets, and music halls were still subject to state licensing. Police had direct control over these venues. Bold text''' 'Although overall restrictions on film were not codified into law at this time, movies were monitored and regulated. However, this process was subjective and varied case-by-case and locality by locality. The local government, cut and banned any material deemed to be against their best interests. Universal state regulation across the entire Empire began in 1906 when several local police forces formed a collective task force to ban films involving Rudolf Hennig. Hennig, a German murderer and fugitive escaped arrest and embarrassed the police force. Officials hoping to contain news of his escape banned the film. In May of 1906, government officials passed a police ordinance requiring that every film shown in Berlin must be examined by the police before it can be presented to public audiences. However, as the number of films and productions increased, it became difficult for police to regulate every work. As such, they attend screenings randomly to check for legal and moral compliance. '''

'''Although the state censorship authorities deployed officers all over the Empire, some localities set up their own field offices. The first of these field offices were established in 1912 in the cities of Munich and Stuttgart. These often offices created their own additional compliance requirements, but all films remained subject to the standards established by the state.

With the outbreak of World War I, the military took over the censorship office with the aim of mobilizing German support for the war. A police official was instated in every city for this purpose. Restrictions on materials became much harsher. Materials could be banned because of association with a particular person or country, or simply because the censor felt that the piece was distracting or a waste of time. Newspapers could be suspended for days at a time as punishment for the publication of "inappropriate material". '''

Nazi Germany (1933–1945) Main article: Censorship in Nazi Germany

Shortly after Adolf Hitler rose to power in 1933, he established the Ministry of Propaganda with the goal that this agency would control all forms of mass communication in Germany. |date=March 15, 2011 |page=314}} Censorship policy was produced and implemented by the Reich Minister of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels. As such, Goebbels oversaw the publication of all media — literature, music, newspapers, and public events. Any material that threatened the reputation of Hitler's government or spoke ill of the regime was censored.

The control of information among young people was especially vital to the German government. On May 10, 1933, shortly after the Nazis rose to power, the government burned one-third of the total library holdings in Germany. As soldiers burned at least 25,000 books in the center of Berlin, Goebbels spoke of the evils of literature and encouraged massive crowds to say “No to decadence and moral corruption!”. . This event began a widespread effort to illustrate government control and align public opinion with party ideology.

The aim of censorship under the Nazi regime was simple: to reinforce Nazi power and to suppress opposing viewpoints and information.

East Germany (1945—1990) Main article: Censorship in East Germany

'''According to the Constitution of the German Democratic Republic ((Deutsche Demokratische Republik), censorship of any kind was forbidden. However, the government of the GDR took measures to ensure that all publications were in line with their ideological grounding.

The Office of Head Administration for Publishing and Book Trade was tasked with regulating all material published within the GDR. The office aimed to produce material that was both politically correct and a reflection of communist values; however, the office was often advertised to the public as “a means for improving the quality of literature.” Most division chiefs were literary figures with a history for party loyalty; oftentimes a former head of a publishing house or an author filled the role.ref>  In order to have material published and printed, an author or publisher had to submit the work to the Office and acquire a permit. Writers typically experienced a processing time of one to two months. Refusal to publish was notuncommon; a team of six typically rejected 250 manuscripts each year after receiving around 600. Approved books were published and around 10,000 copies of each book entered circulation.

Other types of art were also highly regulated. Permission was required to exhibit or perform any visual art. In addition, journalists without government approval were not hired.

The primary goal of East German censorship - whether it be to regulate books, movies, or other forms of art - was to protect the interests of communism and its implementation. Works critical of the East German or Soviet governments were forbidden, as were any works which seemed sympathetic to fascism.

Around 1989, as the people of East Germany grew more and more displeased with the state of the country, the rejection of material that celebrated West Germany heightened. Thousands of East Germans were fleeing west and the demand for West German materials - films, books, and magazines - was on the rise. As a result, the literacy market for East German publications suffered. Books sat undistributed in Office warehouses as the demand for material was nearly nonexistent.'Italic text'' ''

West Germany Section : original : During the post World War II period, the West German media was subject to censorship by the Allied occupational forces. Criticism of the occupational forces and of the emerging government were not tolerated. Publications which were expected to have a negative effect on the general public were not printed. A list of over 30,000 titles, including works by such authors as Carl von Clausewitz, was drawn up. All the millions of copies of these books were to be confiscated and destroyed. The representative of the Military Directorate admitted that the order in principle was no different from the Nazi book burnings, although unlike the burnings, the measure was seen as a temporary part of the denazification program. [31]

Edits: During the post World War II period, the West German media was subject to censorship by the Allied occupational forces. Authors, publishers, distributors, and sellers were all subject to prosecution for spreading "poisonous material". Content displaying communist affections or anti-democracy leanings were most heavily regulated. The most celebrated characteristic of acceptable publications was party loyalty; West German Government officials repressed any content that did not allude to political support and nationalism. Publications void of total party support were taken off the shelves amid discovery and added to a blacklist. Often times, such works would be discovered by a non-governmental party loyalist committed to the cause.

Another main goal of widespread censorship in West Germany was to protect youths from "poisonous" material. Government officials worked tirelessly to prevent individuals under the age of eighteen from being exposed to immoral, dangerous, or inappropriate content. Tapes, films, books, magazines, and music were restricted and added to the list of "youth endangering writings" should they showcase improper content. Officials took it upon themselves to rid young West Germans of content which featured expletives, sexual interactions, excessive affection, war, or substance use.

NAZI Germany - AGAIN Version 2: Shortly after Adolf Hitler rose to power in 1933, he established the Ministry of Propaganda with the goal that this agency would control all forms of mass communication in Germany. At it's peak of influence, the Ministry employed 1,500 employees spanning 17 departments. Censorship policy was produced and implemented by the Reich Minister of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels. As such, Goebbels oversaw the publication of all media that was to be widely distributed — literature, music, newspapers, and public events. AAny material that threatened the reputation of Hitler's government or spoke ill of the regime was immediately censored and retracted. Additionally, books that were already in circulation and written by Jewish authors were collected and burned. Nazi bureaucrats saw their work and information control as necessary. It was, in their minds their duty to protect the German public from the harms of "undesirable books".

The control of information among young people was especially vital to the German government. On May 10, 1933, shortly after the Nazis rose to power, the government burned one-third of the total library holdings in Germany. As soldiers burned at least 25,000 books in the center of Berlin, Goebbels spoke of the evils of literature and encouraged massive crowds to say “No to decadence and moral corruption!”. . This event began a widespread effort to illustrate government control and align public opinion with party ideology.

The aim of censorship under the Nazi regime was simple: to reinforce Nazi power and to suppress opposing viewpoints and information.

Weimer Republic: Article 118 of the Weimar constitution forbade censorship with the text "No censorship will take place". An exception to this article was film. The film industry was regulated by the Film Assessment Headquarters. The purpose of this organization was to censor films released in Germany for pornography and other indecent content.

The Gesetz zur Bewahrung der Jugend vor Schund- und Schmutzschriften (“Law for the Protection of Youth from Trash and Filth Writings”) of 18 December 1926 provided for the partial censorship (restrictions on distribution) of printed materials in the interest of youth welfare, though it was only applied post-publication on a case-by-case basis. Furthermore, it incorporated limits to what could be censored and on what grounds; printed materials could not be added to the index for political, social, religious, ethical, or world-view-related reasons. However, the goal of this regulation was to restrict content that could ruin the you intellectually, morally, and physically. Such "harmful" content included dime novels, serialized books, and dramatic pamphlets.

The Weimar Republic maintained a number of criminal provisions for hate crimes and anti-Semitic expression