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Contents

 * 1High Chair
 * 2Designs
 * 3Potential accidents
 * 4Safety standards
 * 5See also
 * 6References

High Chair[edit]
"A high chair is a piece of furniture used for feeding older babies and younger toddlers. The seat is raised a fair distance from the ground, so that a person of adult height may spoon-feed the child comfortably from a standing position (hence the name). It often has a wide base to increase stability. There is a tray which is attached to the arms of the high chair, which allows the adult to place the food on it for either the child to pick up and eat or for the food to be spoon-fed to them. A booster chair is meant to be used with a regular chair to boost the height of a child sufficiently. Some boosters are a simple monolithic piece of plastic. Others are more complex and are designed to fold up and include a detachable tray.Rarely, a chair can be suspended from the edge of the table avoiding the need for an adult chair or a high chair.

The creation of the high chair began around the early 1600’s in homes with young children, though it is not known exactly when they were invented. The modernized high chair that we all know and love, used in current times, complete with food trays, safety straps, wheels, etc. Was popularized by the design of high chairs created during the 1820’s. Today they allow babies and toddlers to enjoy meals with their families to fit comfortably around standardized dinner tables that aren't catered to their height. The high chair makes feeding for young children easy and functional, as well as safe.

The design styles of the modern high chair generated a lot of inspiration from classic chairs created well before the 1900’s. Antique chairs, that at the time began innovation for seating young children, and now a staple in every home with kids.

Vintage wooden high chairs, were more ornamental in design, and did not have the contemporary aesthetic we see in cheaper massed produced chairs today. They were more crafted intricately and mostly always were constructed from various types of woods, metal, and occasionally had woven features.

In the 1600’s, chairs like the British Walnut High Chair would not meet up to today's safety standards. This 17th century design was built with long legs, longer than the average chair, to seat a child at an adults height, at the table. No food trays were included at this point in time, because the thought behind its creation was so that children could be seated directly at the dinner table. A foot rest was however part of the design, so their feet could comfortably rest, instead of dangle above the floor.

This design would still adapt, but relatively stay the same towards the 1730’s, as we can see with the George II Yewwood & Fruitwood High Chair in England. It wasn't until the 1800’s, where safety precautions became more apparent. The 18th century Walnut High Chair was now becoming more modernized with the inclusion of the safety bar, to keep small children from falling out of their seats. This would then develop into the food tray around 1870, making the safety bar become functional design. The food tray would act as the safety bar and self dinner table. Since prior the stand alone cross bar did not allow children free accessibility to the dinner table in the home, and it still wasn't quite safe, as children were still leaning over to reach food. So the creation of the dual safety bar and food tray, was perfect for keeping children in their seats whilst bringing the table to them.

We see this continuation of adaptation with the creation of the Victorian era Convertible High Chair. Which were propped up on iron wheels for easy movement of the furniture piece. The legs could be converted downwards to lower it into a rocking chair or stroller.

In this part of history, design was making its movement towards the more contemporary designs we see now. The Victorian style high chair powered the vision behind future high chairs to come. At the end of the 19th century we saw the Windsor Style High Chair, which tapped into the more minimalistic designs of what the high chair could look like, and stepping away from ornamentalism.

The 20th century now brings in modernism to the high chair design. Later, advancements in technology were on the rise, and the era of the baby-boom post war needed practical solutions to flourish out new ideas. Materials were rationed and furniture needed to adapt for mass production. Wood was no longer a viable option, as it took too long to grow, cut, shape, sand, and polish, for manufacturers. The population was growing and more accessible materials like metal to make frames and fabric were cheaper and faster to make. Wood does make a return in the 1980’s with the Tripp Trapp High Chair, for the modernist aesthetic. Norwegian designer Peter Opsvik, created this seemingly odd but also interesting chair, that had intriguing front leg support. The physics of the chair keep it up right because the angle at which it sits and the design of the front legs going back to the rear of the chair give it an interesting unique quality that keep it standing without the use of back legs.

However the modernist minimalist furniture would not be up to today's safety standards or mass production requirements. The societal and economical shifts later, all impacted the way these chairs were all created, so safety and material were higher priority first, while style became almost secondary. Thus the 2000’s, the era of plastic furniture. Plastic is a cheap material and easily mass produced, so the current age of high chairs is now almost all manufactured with plastic, though still having metal frames, and fabric padding or covers. Today's chairs still relatively follow these aspects, with safety and production always in mind. But the benefits of using plastic is short lived, plastic frames are difficult to clean and the cheap material is not the most durable either.

Designs[edit]
The Edwardian Metamorphic high chair is a wooden antique chair for infants. The chair has an ornamentalist design, and was created in the 19th century. It has a polished finish to keep the wood smooth and from splintering, as well as giving it a clean aesthetic look.

The antique chair has a system of cast iron bars with hinges, to allow the chair to convert into a variety of chairs. The chair includes a wooden food tray, and is bolted with metal beads around the tray for style. A foot rest is included in the mid section of the legs for the child to rest their feet. The backrest is sometimes woven, or has holes drilled in the back of the wood to make a pattern. The chair is completed with cast iron wheels for easy movability.

By turning the base forward and up from the hinges, by the footrest, whilst pushing down, once the hinges aren't locked in place. The back and front legs will spread away from each other, to put the chair in a lower position. In another case, the chair can be brought all the way down to the point the legs no longer sit on the wheels. Rather sitting in a bowed shape position, to allow the chair to become a rocking chair. The convertible features of this chair make it functional in three unique ways. The impeccable and beautiful details to these chairs designs, really reflect the craftsmanship and quality of materials of that time. Its many functions made it economical in space and form, three chairs in one. Each stamped with a number, the start of mass production.

Potential accidents[edit]
High chairs can result in child-related accidents.[1][2]

Incidents that occur for children sitting in high chairs are quite common, especially for infants. These incidents are most often them falling from the chair. And data reported suggest that restraints should always be necessary to prevent most of the injuries from ever occurring.

The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, reports that an estimated 40650 high chair related injuries were recorded, to children under the age of four. This was recorded from a five year period alone. A direct quote taken from ScinceDirect “An estimated 5231 injuries (13%) were related to use of an attachable high chair (including booster seats), and an estimated 4067 (10%) were related to the use of a youth chair. The annual rate of injury among children ≤3 years old was 5.3 per 10 000. The mean age was 10 months (median, 1 year); 56% were boys. Ninety-four percent of injuries resulted from a fall from the chair. Most injuries involved the head (44%) or face (39%). Injury diagnoses included contusions or abrasions (36%), lacerations (25%), closed head injury (21%), and fractures (8%). Two percent of injured children, an estimated 941 (95% CI, 399–1487), were admitted to the hospital during the study period, an annual admission rate of 0.1 per 10 000. There were no significant differences between attachable high chairs, youth chairs, and high chairs in anatomic sites of injury, injury diagnosis, or frequency of hospital admission”. #2

Another survey taken at random, was studying 163 families questioning the rate of high chair incidents related to infant and toddler accidents. After the studies, the potential accidents gathered showed scary results in the data. A direct quote taken from the Wiley Online Library, “ Of the 103 infants, 15.5% had sustained a skull fracture, 13.6% a brain concussion, 2.0% limb fractures and 68.9% a simple contusion of the head or lacerations to the scalp or face. The questionnaires were fully completed by 61.2% of parents. Every second family reported that their infant had tried to stand up in the highchair before falling off (only one child had been wearing a restraint). In a further 14.3% of accidents the highchair tipped over. Eighty-seven percent of parents would appreciate a pre-installation of restraints, 54.0% requested more informative instructions for users, and 33.3% asked for products with better stability. The random sample survey revealed a highchair use rate of 92%; 18% of families used highchairs equipped with restraints, and 6% reported highchair accidents sustained by their children”. Almost all of the high chair accidents occurred with restraints uninvolved, since only one child in the study received an injury with the restraints being utilized, shows that the occurrence of this happening are really rare. Restraints being added is still the best viable precaution to date and show great promise to improving the safety of young children and infants.

Safety standards[edit]
The EU standard EN 14988:2017+A1:2020 has been published in 2020 by the European Committee for Standardization.[3]

The ASTM-F404-18 has the most up to date safety standards for high chairs to follow strict guidelines for optimal safety. Which meant to be maintained by these rules”

1) High chairs and high chair accessories that have adjustment positions that, per the manufacturer's instructions, are recommended for use only for children able to sit upright unassisted (approximately 6 months of age) or weighing more than 20 lb (9.1 kg).

2) When adjusted into the most onerous manufacturer's recommended use and/or adjustment position for each direction to be tested first referring to reclined seat high chairs.

3) Forward and Sideways Stability— A high chair shall not tip over when setup as defined in 7.7.2.1-7.7.2.3, and then when forces are applied in accordance with 7.7.2.4 and 7.7.2.5.6.5.1.2, described in the ASTM-F404-18 guidelines.

4) Rearward Stability—When setup as defined in 7.7.2.1- 7.7.2.3, and then tested in accordance with 7.7.2.6, the high chair shall have a Rearward Stability Index of 50 or more.6.5.1.3, described in the ASTM-F404-18

5) High chairs and high chair accessories that have adjustment positions that are manufacturer's recommended use positions for use with children who are unable to sit upright unassisted (birth to approximately 6 months of age) or weigh 20 lb (9.1 kg) or less, when adjusted into the most onerous manufacturer's recommended use and/or adjustment position for each direction to be tested, shall not tip over and shall retain the CAMI dummy when tested in accordance with 7.7.3, in the forward, rearward, and sideways directions.6.5.3Stability with Child Climbing into Chair—A high chair shall not tip over when tested in accordance with 7.7.3

See also[edit]

 * Neatnik Saucer