User:HarikaBanalla/Genetics

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We need to know a lot more about the biology of viruses because of genetic analysis. The virus's genome, which is made up of 11 double-stranded RNA segments, serves as its defining characteristic. The primary characteristic of viral genetics is the genome's segmented structure's ability to reassign genome segments during mixed infections.

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GENETIC CODE

The genetic code is a dictionary that matches together the amino acid and nucleotide sequences called add-ons. 64 genetic codons are there in which every codon has 3 bases. In 64 codons,20 amino acids are coded by 61 codons which are found in proteins and 3 codons don’t code for any amino acid. There are different types of codons. The codons that code for amino acids are called Sense codons and the codons that code for protein synthesis are called Signal codons. Signal codons are of two types which are Terminating codons and Initiating codons. UAA UAG UGA is termed as termination codons or also called nonsense codons. AUG is called an initiation codon used to code for the first amino acids in every protein. During the translation process the t-RNA base sequence pairs with the codon of m RNA which is known as an Anticodon. The difference between codon and anticodon is that codon is present not only in DNA but in RNA, whereas anticodon is present only in RNA but not in DNA. Codons will be directed from 5’ end to 3’ end in the same way anticodons are directed in the opposite way i.e., 3’ end to 5’ end. In some t RNA molecules, anticodons must pair with more than one codon. The arrangement of codons is sequence manner based while an arrangement of anticodons is discretely present in cells with amino acids.

GENETIC MUTATION

A highly pathogenic, more or less permanent alteration to the genetic code (genome) of a virus or a cell in a living creature that can be handed down to the progeny of the original cell or virus. A somatic mutation is a change in a multicellular organism's DNA that can progress to progeny by DNA replication. Alterations can happen as a result of subjection to electromagnetic spectrum with high intensity (such as X-rays, ultraviolet light), mishaps that can place during the normal chemical transactions of DNA, most frequently during replication. The bulk of variations are expected to be harmful because they are random changes, however, certain mutations might be helpful in certain circumstances.

Types of mutations

Mutations and perhaps other gene changes can be inherited or acquired. An inherited gene mutation is one that, as its name suggests, is passed down from one parent to the next. As a result, it can be found in the very first cell that develops into a human after the egg cell and sperm cell have mated. Because it began in the first cell, which gave rise to all the other cells in the body, this modification is present in every cell in the body and can be passed on to the next generation. Because the cells that give rise to eggs and sperm are known as germ cells, also known as a hereditary alteration. A gene mutation that is acquired does not come from the parent. As opposed to that, it emerges at some point in a person's life. Acquired mutations start in one cell and spread to any subsequent cells that develop from that cell. Because this mutation does not affect sperm or egg cells, it cannot be passed down to a person's offspring. Somatic mutation or spontaneous mutation are other names for this kind of mutation.