User:Harleywisdom32/sandbox

Week 1 Assignment: Copyedit an Article
The Green Party of Albania was born as a political necessity to represent environmental concerns in Albanian politics. The importance and urgency of solving numerous environmental problems in Albania was introduced to the political scene at the initiative of a group of young intellectuals from different fields. Founded on September 1, 2001, a political movement named "The Greens of Albania" began to represent said interests. On December 15, 2007 its official name changed to "Green Party of Albania". This political movement was primarily created to raise awareness to the ecological crisis Albania is going through. Since its inception, the party has taken several concrete steps to sensitize the Albanian public towards human effects on the climate and environment. "The Greens" developed a political platform which provides environmentally conscious alternatives to current ways of life. Now,there are green movements across all 12 districts of the country.

Week 2 Assignment: Adding Sources
Source #1 Wikipedia Section: In March 1917, the Tsar was ousted from the Russian throne, and in November a Bolshevik government came to power under the leadership of Lenin. Facing political opposition to the Bolsheviks, he decided to end Russia's campaign against Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria in order to redirect Bolshevik energy to eliminating internal dissent. In 1918, by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Bolshevik government gave Germany and the Ottoman Empire enormous territorial and economic concessions in exchange for an end to war on the Eastern Front. All of the modern-day Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) were given over to the German occupation authority Ober Ost, along with Belarus and Ukraine. Thus Germany had at last achieved its long-wanted dominance of "Mitteleuropa" (Central Europe) and could now focus fully on defeating the Allies on the Western Front. In practice, however, the forces that were needed to garrison and secure the new territories were a drain on the German war effort.

Relevant Source Material Paragraph: The German leadership hoped to realise great benefits from eliminating its largest front, but events turned out to be more complicated than it had anticipated. Political upheaval in Russia and in Ukraine made the Eastern Front unstable, and resistance on the part of the local populace to German seizures of grain threatened to prevent the Germans from taking everything that they wanted. As a result, the Germans had to deploy more men in the East than they had originally planned, even if major combat there had ended. Perhaps more surprisingly, the same Bolshevik virus that they had injected into the Russian body politic infected German soldiers, contributing to the radicalisation of the once-loyal German left, which had now ‘found a new model in the Bolshevik revolution’.

Excerpt #1 (World War 1; Eastern Front): "In practice, however, the forces that were needed to garrison and secure the new territories were a drain on the German war effort." Supporting Source Quote: "The German leadership hoped to realise great benefits from eliminating its largest front, but events turned out to be more complicated than it had anticipated. Political upheaval in Russia and in Ukraine made the Eastern Front unstable, and resistance on the part of the local populace to German seizures of grain threatened to prevent the Germans from taking everything that they wanted. As a result, the Germans had to deploy more men in the East than they had originally planned, even if major combat there had ended."

Official Citation: Neiberg, Michael S. “1917: Global War.” The Cambridge History of the First World War, edited by Jay Winter, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014, pp. 110–132. The Cambridge History of the First World War.

Source #2 Wikipedia Section: Colonies Main article: German colonial empire Bismarck secured a number of German colonial possessions during the 1880s in Africa and the Pacific, but he never considered an overseas colonial empire valuable; Germany's colonies remained badly undeveloped. However they excited the interest of the religious-minded, who supported an extensive network of missionaries. Germans had dreamed of colonial imperialism since 1848.[31] Bismarck began the process, and by 1884 had acquired German New Guinea.[32] By the 1890s, German colonial expansion in Asia and the Pacific (Kiauchau in China, Tientsin in China, the Marianas, the Caroline Islands, Samoa) led to frictions with the UK, Russia, Japan, and the US. The largest colonial enterprises were in Africa,[33] where the Herero Wars in what is now Namibia in 1906–07 resulted in the Herero and Namaqua Genocide [34]

Relevant Source Material Paragraphs: The country was then ruled with a heavy hand by the colonial state. In order to force people to work, the government worked via Chiefs and Akidas and introduced taxes. Those who could not pay taxes were punished. In order to pay taxes, the people had to work in plantations. The introduction of the hut tax force people to also begin to grow cash crops in their small plots. At this period, most of these commodities were exported to Germany. The economy was not aimed at developing the people but rather to serve the colonial government and the plantation owners.

Excerpt #2 (Bismarck Era; Colonies) "Bismarck secured a number of German colonial possessions during the 1880s in Africa and the Pacific, but he never considered an overseas colonial empire valuable due to fierce resistance to German colonial rule from the natives. Thus, Germany's colonies remained badly undeveloped."

Supporting Source Quote: "The crushing of the various resistances by the people was very harsh and many Africans were hanged and beheaded. Some of the heads were sent to Germany. The Maji-Maji Resistance against German occupation claimed an estimate of 75,000 to 250,000. Because of this war, there was no time for agricultural production. People died of hunger."

Official Citation: Mshana, Rogate R. “The Economic Impact of German Colonial Rule and the question of Reparation.” 6 Nov. 2005, www.tanzania-network.de/upload/PDF/MajiMaji/bundesweit/2005_11_6_Wuppertal_Mshana.pdf.

Week 3 - Leading Section
Article: Nautical Time

Leading Section: Nautical time refers to the systems used by ships on high seas to express their local time. Nautical time keeping dates back to the early 20th century as a standard way to keep time at sea, although it largely only applied to military fleets pre-World War 2. This timekeeping method is only used for radio communications and to account for slight inaccuracies that using Greenwich Standard Time (GST) may lead to during navigation of the high seas. Nautical time zones are split into one hour intervals for every 15 degree change in a ship's longitudinal coordinate. This is typically only used for trans-oceanic travel, as captains will often not change the timekeeping for short distances such as channels or inland seas.