User:Harpster.33/sandbox

The topic of discussion is Coral’s mutual relationship with bacteria and its relationship with coral bleaching

Work Cited:

Abrego D, Ulstrup KE, Willis BL, van Oppen MJH (2008) Species–specific interactions between algal endosymbionts and coral hosts define their bleaching response to heat and light stress. Proc Biol Sci 275: 2273–2282 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2603234/

Berkelmans R., van Oppen M. J. H. (2006). The role of Zooxanthellae in the thermal tolerance of corals: a ’nugget of hope’ for coral reefs in an era of climate change. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2732305–2312 10.1098/rspb.2006.3567 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636081/

Berkelmans R., De’ath G., Kininmonth S., Skirving W. (2004). A comparison of the 1998 and 2002 coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef: spatial correlation, patterns, and predictions. DOI 10.1007/s00338-003-0353-y file:///C:/Users/sharpster/Downloads/02bfe50ca4fcd2860c000000.pdf

Done T., Whetton P., Jones R., Berkelmans R., Lough J., Skirving W., Wooldridge S. (2003). Global Climate Change and Coral Bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. ISBN 0 642 32220 1 http://billhutten.s3.amazonaws.com/fw/docs/319.pdf

McGinley M.,Aschaffenburg M., Pettay D., Smith R., LaJeunesse T., Warner M. (2012). Transcriptional Response of Two Core Photosystem Genes in Symbiodiniumspp. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050439 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.00504

Three ways to improve a Wikipedia Article: In paragraph one where it states that the coral's hard exoskeleton supports and protects their body, it would be helpful to elaborate on which organisms body it is, whether it is the coral or the algae that grows within the organism.

Website Link of Corrected Article:

In paragraph three when the damaging factors to the coral reefs were mentioned, it should state how coral bleaching is becoming a major issue that must be dealt with.

For the section "Reefs in the Past", it would be good to have references to people in history who have explored the reefs underwater from diving, or swimming. Plus, having a section about research occurring in the different reefs.

One Sentence and Citation: Research is being conducted on coral reef's bleaching and studies have shown that coral reefs with one type of algae are more prone to bleaching verses reefs with another more hardy algae 

Website Link of Corrected Article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef

Final Addition to Article ~360 words What was added: There are multiple clades of Symbiodinium phylotypes. Each one of the eight contributes their own benefits and less fit attributes to the survival to their coral hosts. The most research for symbionts has been completed on the Symbiodinium clades A-D. The phylotype A is found more in the shallow regions of marine waters. It is able to produce mycosporine-like amino acids that are UV resistance using a derivative of glycerin to absorb the UV radiation allowing them to become more receptive to the warmer water temperatures. All photosynthetic organisms have certain levels of sensitivity to photodamage to select components, such as proteins. Rates of fixing and replication, determines the organism’s ability to survive. The clades B and C are found more frequently in the deeper water regions, which may explain the reason to the higher susceptibility to increased temperatures causing bleaching and/ or mortality. This also leads to the idea that clade A is more UV resistant and thermally resistant than the other clades (Reynolds et al., 2008).

Studies have shown that clade A is more closely related to Symbiodinium phylotype than the other clades. This leads to the idea that shallow clades have evolutionarily retained certain traits that have led them to have the higher fitness at their current level. In an event of UV or thermal damage, if and when repair occurs, that will increase the likelihood of survival of the host and symbiont. Plants that receive less sunlight or ones that are found in the undergrowths are analogous, comparable, to the clades B, C and D of Symbiodinium. Since clades B through D are found at deeper depths, they require an elevated absorption rate of light rays to be able to synthesize more energy. With the elevated absorption rate of UV wavelengths, the deeper occurring phylotypes are more prone to coral bleaching verses the more shallow clades. Clade D has been observed to be high temperature tolerant; and as a result D has a higher rate of survival verses B and C (Reynolds et al., 2008).

Reynolds, J., B. Bruns, W. Fitt, G. Schmidt. 2008. Enhanced photoprotection pathways in symbiotic dinoflagellates of shallow-water corals and other cnidarians. 13674–13678, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805187105. 

On URL:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef#Biology